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Questions and Answers
What type of muscle is characterized by involuntary contraction and the presence of striations?
What type of muscle is characterized by involuntary contraction and the presence of striations?
Which statement about smooth muscle is incorrect?
Which statement about smooth muscle is incorrect?
What is the fleshy part of skeletal muscles known as?
What is the fleshy part of skeletal muscles known as?
Which classification describes muscles that act on two joints?
Which classification describes muscles that act on two joints?
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Which structure is described as a cord-like attachment at the insertion of skeletal muscles?
Which structure is described as a cord-like attachment at the insertion of skeletal muscles?
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What is the primary role of prime movers (agonists) in muscle movement?
What is the primary role of prime movers (agonists) in muscle movement?
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Which type of muscle fibers are arranged parallel to the line of pull?
Which type of muscle fibers are arranged parallel to the line of pull?
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What is not a characteristic of skeletal muscles?
What is not a characteristic of skeletal muscles?
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Which statement accurately describes the superficial fascia?
Which statement accurately describes the superficial fascia?
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What is one of the main functions of the superficial fascia?
What is one of the main functions of the superficial fascia?
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Which type of deep fascia surrounds groups of muscles?
Which type of deep fascia surrounds groups of muscles?
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What characterizes skeletal muscles?
What characterizes skeletal muscles?
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What is a key structural feature of skeletal muscle cells?
What is a key structural feature of skeletal muscle cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of deep fascia?
Which of the following is NOT a type of deep fascia?
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What role do retinacula serve in the body?
What role do retinacula serve in the body?
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Which feature is unique to smooth muscle compared to skeletal muscle?
Which feature is unique to smooth muscle compared to skeletal muscle?
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What is a primary function of superficial fascia?
What is a primary function of superficial fascia?
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Which type of deep fascia serves to prevent the spread of pus between muscles?
Which type of deep fascia serves to prevent the spread of pus between muscles?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with skeletal muscles?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with skeletal muscles?
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What type of fascia is associated with holding long tendons in place?
What type of fascia is associated with holding long tendons in place?
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Which statement is true regarding the thickness of superficial fascia in different body areas?
Which statement is true regarding the thickness of superficial fascia in different body areas?
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What is the role of investing fascia in the muscular system?
What is the role of investing fascia in the muscular system?
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Which feature distinguishes superficial fascia from deep fascia?
Which feature distinguishes superficial fascia from deep fascia?
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What adaptation occurs in certain areas where superficial fascia may be replaced by muscles?
What adaptation occurs in certain areas where superficial fascia may be replaced by muscles?
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Which characteristic distinguishes cardiac muscle from smooth muscle?
Which characteristic distinguishes cardiac muscle from smooth muscle?
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What describes the shape of smooth muscle cells?
What describes the shape of smooth muscle cells?
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Which of the following accurately describes the origin of skeletal muscles?
Which of the following accurately describes the origin of skeletal muscles?
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What type of skeletal muscle fibers are characterized by an oblique arrangement?
What type of skeletal muscle fibers are characterized by an oblique arrangement?
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Which type of skeletal muscle acts on more than two joints?
Which type of skeletal muscle acts on more than two joints?
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What correctly describes the tendon of skeletal muscles?
What correctly describes the tendon of skeletal muscles?
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Which of the following is a function of prime movers (agonists) in muscle movement?
Which of the following is a function of prime movers (agonists) in muscle movement?
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Which of the following nerves supplies smooth muscle?
Which of the following nerves supplies smooth muscle?
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What is the primary component of the superficial fascia?
What is the primary component of the superficial fascia?
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Which area of the body has the thinnest superficial fascia?
Which area of the body has the thinnest superficial fascia?
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What is the function of investing fascia within the muscular system?
What is the function of investing fascia within the muscular system?
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How does deep fascia contribute to muscle integrity?
How does deep fascia contribute to muscle integrity?
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Which type of deep fascia serves to hold long tendons in place?
Which type of deep fascia serves to hold long tendons in place?
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What defines the contraction of skeletal muscles?
What defines the contraction of skeletal muscles?
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What is a characteristic of skeletal muscle cell nuclei?
What is a characteristic of skeletal muscle cell nuclei?
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What type of cell shape do skeletal muscles exhibit?
What type of cell shape do skeletal muscles exhibit?
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What is the predominant structural feature of cardiac muscle cells?
What is the predominant structural feature of cardiac muscle cells?
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What distinguishes smooth muscle from cardiac muscle?
What distinguishes smooth muscle from cardiac muscle?
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What characteristic of skeletal muscles defines their origin?
What characteristic of skeletal muscles defines their origin?
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Which classification of muscles is characterized by being able to act on one joint only?
Which classification of muscles is characterized by being able to act on one joint only?
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Which type of muscle contraction requires autonomic nerve supply?
Which type of muscle contraction requires autonomic nerve supply?
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What describes the shape of smooth muscle cells?
What describes the shape of smooth muscle cells?
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What characterizes the tendon of skeletal muscles?
What characterizes the tendon of skeletal muscles?
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In the classification of skeletal muscles according to fiber arrangement, what describes non-pinnate muscles?
In the classification of skeletal muscles according to fiber arrangement, what describes non-pinnate muscles?
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Study Notes
Fascia
- Formed of loose areolar & fatty tissue deep to skin
- Character:
- Thick in palm of the hand & sole of the foot
- Thinnest over penis & external ear
- May be replaced by muscles like platysma in neck & dartos in scrotum
- May contain glands like mammary gland
- Function:
- Fat acts as a poor heat conductor, maintaining body temperature
- Fills up body hollows, giving a rounded contour
- Facilitates skin movement over deep structures
- Contains blood vessels & nerves of the skin
Deep Fascia
- Formed of membranous layer of connective tissue
- Types:
- Investing fascia: Encloses muscle groups, gives origin to muscles.
- Inter-muscular septa: Lies between muscles, gives origin to muscles, prevents pus spread
- Retinacula: Transverse thickenings at wrist & ankle for holding long tendons in place.
- Aponeurosis: Thick part of deep fascia in palm & sole, protecting underlying structures, providing sheet-like structure
- Sheath: Surrounds neuro-vascular bundles
Muscular System
Skeletal Muscles
- Site: Attached to skeleton
- Contraction: Voluntary
- Nerve supply: Somatic
- Nuclei: Peripheral & multi-nucleated
- Striation: Present
- Shape of cells: Tubular
Cardiac Muscles
- Site: Myocardium
- Contraction: Involuntary
- Nerve supply: Autonomic
- Nuclei: Central & single-nucleated
- Striation: Present
- Shape of cells: Branching
Smooth Muscles
- Site: Viscera & blood vessels
- Contraction: Involuntary
- Nerve supply: Autonomic
- Nuclei: Central & single-nucleated
- Striation: Absent
- Shape of cells: Spindle
Character of Skeletal Muscles
- Origin: More fixed attachment
- Belly: Fleshy part of the muscle
- Insertion: More mobile attachment
- Tendon: Cord-like structure at the insertion of skeletal muscles
- Aponeurosis: Sheet-like structure at the insertion of skeletal muscles
Classification of Skeletal Muscles
-
A. According to arrangement of fibers:
- Parallel fibers (e.g., abdominal muscles)
- Convergent fibers (e.g., pectoralis)
- Oblique pinnate fibers (e.g., digital extensor)
- Bipennate fibers (e.g., rectus femoris)
- Multipennate fibers (e.g., deltoideus)
-
B. According to number of joints:
- Uni-articular (e.g., brachialis)
- Bi-articular (e.g., sartorius)
- Multi-articular (e.g., long flexors of digits)
According to action of Muscles
- 1. Prime movers (agonist): Initiates movement (e.g., brachialis for elbow flexion)
- 2. Antagonist: Opposes prime movers (e.g., triceps opposes brachialis)
- 3. Fixators (stabilizers): Stabilizes a joint (e.g., rotator cuff muscles around shoulder)
- 4. Synergists: Aids the prime mover by preventing unwanted movement in a proximal joint while the distal joint acts (e.g., extensors of wrist contract during finger flexion to prevent wrist flexion).
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