أسئلة المحاضرة السابعة أناتومي (قبل التعديل)
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Questions and Answers

What type of muscle is characterized by involuntary contraction and the presence of striations?

  • Cardiac muscle (correct)
  • Smooth muscle
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Aponeurosis muscle

Which statement about smooth muscle is incorrect?

  • It lacks striations.
  • Its contractions are voluntary. (correct)
  • It is found in viscera and blood vessels.
  • It has a central and single-nucleated structure.

What is the fleshy part of skeletal muscles known as?

  • Tendon
  • Belly (correct)
  • Origin
  • Insertion

Which classification describes muscles that act on two joints?

<p>Bi-articular (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is described as a cord-like attachment at the insertion of skeletal muscles?

<p>Tendon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of prime movers (agonists) in muscle movement?

<p>To initiate the movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fibers are arranged parallel to the line of pull?

<p>Parallel muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not a characteristic of skeletal muscles?

<p>They are single-nucleated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the superficial fascia?

<p>It facilitates skin movement over deeper structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main functions of the superficial fascia?

<p>It allows fat storage as a heat insulator. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of deep fascia surrounds groups of muscles?

<p>Investing fascia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes skeletal muscles?

<p>They have voluntary contraction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key structural feature of skeletal muscle cells?

<p>They are tubular and multi-nucleated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of deep fascia?

<p>Periosteum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do retinacula serve in the body?

<p>They hold long tendons in place. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is unique to smooth muscle compared to skeletal muscle?

<p>Involuntary contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of superficial fascia?

<p>Facilitates movement of skin over deep structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of deep fascia serves to prevent the spread of pus between muscles?

<p>Inter-muscular septa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with skeletal muscles?

<p>Single nucleus per cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fascia is associated with holding long tendons in place?

<p>Aponeurosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the thickness of superficial fascia in different body areas?

<p>Thickest in the palm and sole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of investing fascia in the muscular system?

<p>Encloses a group of muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes superficial fascia from deep fascia?

<p>Contains nerves and blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation occurs in certain areas where superficial fascia may be replaced by muscles?

<p>Improved muscle attachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes cardiac muscle from smooth muscle?

<p>Presence of striations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the shape of smooth muscle cells?

<p>Spindle-shaped (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the origin of skeletal muscles?

<p>It is the more fixed attachment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of skeletal muscle fibers are characterized by an oblique arrangement?

<p>Convergent muscle fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skeletal muscle acts on more than two joints?

<p>Multi-articular muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What correctly describes the tendon of skeletal muscles?

<p>A cord-like structure at the insertion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of prime movers (agonists) in muscle movement?

<p>To initiate the movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves supplies smooth muscle?

<p>Autonomic nerve fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the superficial fascia?

<p>Loose areolar and fatty tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the body has the thinnest superficial fascia?

<p>External ear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of investing fascia within the muscular system?

<p>To enclose a group of muscles and give origin to them (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does deep fascia contribute to muscle integrity?

<p>It prevents the spread of pus between muscles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of deep fascia serves to hold long tendons in place?

<p>Retinacula (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the contraction of skeletal muscles?

<p>Voluntary and quick (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of skeletal muscle cell nuclei?

<p>Multi-nucleated and peripheral (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell shape do skeletal muscles exhibit?

<p>Tubular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant structural feature of cardiac muscle cells?

<p>Centrally located and branched nuclei (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes smooth muscle from cardiac muscle?

<p>Smooth muscle lacks striations and is found in viscera (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of skeletal muscles defines their origin?

<p>The stationary or less mobile attachment of the muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of muscles is characterized by being able to act on one joint only?

<p>Uni-articular muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle contraction requires autonomic nerve supply?

<p>Smooth muscles in response to physical stress (A), Cardiac muscles during heartbeats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the shape of smooth muscle cells?

<p>Spindle-shaped with tapered ends (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the tendon of skeletal muscles?

<p>A fibrous cord-like structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the classification of skeletal muscles according to fiber arrangement, what describes non-pinnate muscles?

<p>Muscle fibers that converge towards a single point (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cardiac Muscle Location

Cardiac muscle is found in the heart's myocardium.

Smooth Muscle Location

Smooth muscle is in viscera and blood vessels.

Skeletal Muscle Origin

The fixed attachment point of a skeletal muscle.

Skeletal Muscle Belly

The fleshy part of the skeletal muscle.

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Skeletal Muscle Insertion

The movable attachment point of a skeletal muscle.

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Skeletal Muscle Tendon

Cord-like structure connecting muscle to bone.

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Uniarticular Muscle

Skeletal muscle acting on one joint.

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Prime Mover (Agonist)

Muscle primarily responsible for a movement.

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Superficial fascia

Loose connective tissue and fatty tissue, located beneath the skin, thick in the palms and soles, thin in certain areas.

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Deep fascia

Membranous connective tissue layer enclosing muscle groups or organs; includes investing fascia, intermuscular septa, retinacula, aponeuroses, and sheaths.

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Investing fascia

Part of deep fascia; encloses muscle groups and provides muscle origin points.

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Intermuscular septa

Part of deep fascia; lie between muscles, preventing pus spread and providing muscle origins.

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Retinacula

Thickened deep fascia at wrists and ankles, which hold tendons in place.

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Aponeurosis

Thickened part of deep fascia, in palms and soles, protecting underlying structures and holding tendons in place.

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Skeletal Muscles

Muscles attached to the skeleton, responsible for voluntary movement.

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Voluntary Muscles

Muscles that contract under conscious control, with somatic nerve supply.

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Cardiac Muscle

Muscle found in the heart's myocardium, contracting involuntarily.

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Smooth Muscle Location

Found in viscera and blood vessels, works without conscious control.

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Skeletal Muscle Origin

The less movable attachment point of a skeletal muscle.

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Skeletal Muscle Belly

The fleshy part of a skeletal muscle between origin and insertion.

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Skeletal Muscle Insertion

The more movable attachment point of a skeletal muscle.

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Uni-articular Muscle

A skeletal muscle acting on a single joint.

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Prime Mover (Agonist)

The muscle primarily responsible for a movement.

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Classification of Skeletal Muscles

Categorization of skeletal muscles based on fiber arrangement, number of joints acted upon, and action.

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Superficial Fascia

Loose connective tissue and fatty tissue beneath the skin, thick in palms and soles and thinner elsewhere.

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Deep Fascia

Membranous connective tissue layer surrounding muscles or organs, including investing fascia, intermuscular septa, retinacula, aponeuroses and sheaths.

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Investing Fascia

Part of deep fascia, surrounding muscle groups and giving origin to muscles

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Intermuscular Septa

Parts of deep fascia located between muscles; preventing pus spread and providing muscle attachment points.

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Retinacula

Thickened deep fascia located at wrists and ankles. They hold tendons in place.

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Aponeurosis

Thick, broad sheet of deep fascia, found in the palms and soles, supporting and protecting underlying structures, and holding tendons.

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Skeletal Muscles

Muscles attached to the skeleton involved in voluntary movements, that are somatic.

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Voluntary Muscles

Muscles contracting under conscious control, innervated by somatic nerves.

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Superficial Fascia

Loose connective tissue and fatty tissue beneath the skin, thick in palms and soles, thin elsewhere.

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Deep Fascia

Membranous connective tissue that surrounds muscles and organs, forming parts like investing fascia and intermuscular septa.

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Investing Fascia

Part of deep fascia, encasing muscle groups; provides muscle origin points.

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Intermuscular Septa

Deep fascia between muscles; preventing pus spread and providing muscle attachments.

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Retinacula

Thickened deep fascia at wrists and ankles; holding tendons in place.

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Aponeurosis

Thickened deep fascia, broad sheets, in palms and soles; supporting and protecting underlying structures.

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Skeletal Muscles

Muscles attached to the skeleton; creating voluntary movement.

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Voluntary Muscles

Muscles contracting under conscious control.

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Cardiac Muscle

Muscle found in the heart's myocardium; involuntary contraction

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Smooth Muscle

Found in viscera & blood vessels; involuntary movement

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Skeletal Muscle Origin

Less movable attachment point of a skeletal muscle

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Skeletal Muscle Belly

Fleshy part of a skeletal muscle between origin & insertion

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Skeletal Muscle Insertion

More movable attachment point of a skeletal muscle

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Uni-articular Muscle

Skeletal muscle acting on one joint

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Prime Mover (Agonist)

Muscle primarily responsible for a movement

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Classification of Skeletal Muscles

Categorizes skeletal muscles based on fiber arrangement, joints acted upon, and action

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Study Notes

Fascia

  • Formed of loose areolar & fatty tissue deep to skin
  • Character:
    • Thick in palm of the hand & sole of the foot
    • Thinnest over penis & external ear
    • May be replaced by muscles like platysma in neck & dartos in scrotum
    • May contain glands like mammary gland
  • Function:
    • Fat acts as a poor heat conductor, maintaining body temperature
    • Fills up body hollows, giving a rounded contour
    • Facilitates skin movement over deep structures
    • Contains blood vessels & nerves of the skin

Deep Fascia

  • Formed of membranous layer of connective tissue
  • Types:
    • Investing fascia: Encloses muscle groups, gives origin to muscles.
    • Inter-muscular septa: Lies between muscles, gives origin to muscles, prevents pus spread
    • Retinacula: Transverse thickenings at wrist & ankle for holding long tendons in place.
    • Aponeurosis: Thick part of deep fascia in palm & sole, protecting underlying structures, providing sheet-like structure
    • Sheath: Surrounds neuro-vascular bundles

Muscular System

Skeletal Muscles

  • Site: Attached to skeleton
  • Contraction: Voluntary
  • Nerve supply: Somatic
  • Nuclei: Peripheral & multi-nucleated
  • Striation: Present
  • Shape of cells: Tubular

Cardiac Muscles

  • Site: Myocardium
  • Contraction: Involuntary
  • Nerve supply: Autonomic
  • Nuclei: Central & single-nucleated
  • Striation: Present
  • Shape of cells: Branching

Smooth Muscles

  • Site: Viscera & blood vessels
  • Contraction: Involuntary
  • Nerve supply: Autonomic
  • Nuclei: Central & single-nucleated
  • Striation: Absent
  • Shape of cells: Spindle

Character of Skeletal Muscles

  • Origin: More fixed attachment
  • Belly: Fleshy part of the muscle
  • Insertion: More mobile attachment
  • Tendon: Cord-like structure at the insertion of skeletal muscles
  • Aponeurosis: Sheet-like structure at the insertion of skeletal muscles

Classification of Skeletal Muscles

  • A. According to arrangement of fibers:
    • Parallel fibers (e.g., abdominal muscles)
    • Convergent fibers (e.g., pectoralis)
    • Oblique pinnate fibers (e.g., digital extensor)
    • Bipennate fibers (e.g., rectus femoris)
    • Multipennate fibers (e.g., deltoideus)
  • B. According to number of joints:
    • Uni-articular (e.g., brachialis)
    • Bi-articular (e.g., sartorius)
    • Multi-articular (e.g., long flexors of digits)

According to action of Muscles

  • 1. Prime movers (agonist): Initiates movement (e.g., brachialis for elbow flexion)
  • 2. Antagonist: Opposes prime movers (e.g., triceps opposes brachialis)
  • 3. Fixators (stabilizers): Stabilizes a joint (e.g., rotator cuff muscles around shoulder)
  • 4. Synergists: Aids the prime mover by preventing unwanted movement in a proximal joint while the distal joint acts (e.g., extensors of wrist contract during finger flexion to prevent wrist flexion).

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