Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the core concept of family systems theory?
Which of the following best describes the core concept of family systems theory?
- The family is an interconnected system where each member influences the whole. (correct)
- Families are best understood by analyzing individual members in isolation.
- Families operate in isolation, with each member functioning independently.
- The family is a collection of unrelated individuals living under the same roof.
How does a dyadic substage within family systems theory differ from the overall family system?
How does a dyadic substage within family systems theory differ from the overall family system?
- It involves all members of the family interacting simultaneously.
- It focuses on the external influences on the family, such as community factors.
- It specifically examines the interactions and relationships between two individuals within the family. (correct)
- It represents the family's interactions with broader social institutions.
In the context of family systems theory, what is the significance of an embedded substage?
In the context of family systems theory, what is the significance of an embedded substage?
- It focuses solely on the genetic predispositions that influence family interactions.
- It refers to a family unit living in complete isolation from its surrounding environment.
- It highlights how families are nested within and influenced by larger social systems like neighborhoods and communities. (correct)
- It describes the internal dynamics of the family, irrespective of external factors.
Which of the following best exemplifies coparenting?
Which of the following best exemplifies coparenting?
What is the defining characteristic of an extended household, as opposed to a nuclear family?
What is the defining characteristic of an extended household, as opposed to a nuclear family?
How does the increasing prevalence of older women living alone, compared to older men, reflect a changing trend in U.S. family structures?
How does the increasing prevalence of older women living alone, compared to older men, reflect a changing trend in U.S. family structures?
What is a key factor contributing to the rise in cohabitation rates in the United States?
What is a key factor contributing to the rise in cohabitation rates in the United States?
How does a mother's supportive relationship with her partner indirectly benefit her child?
How does a mother's supportive relationship with her partner indirectly benefit her child?
How might a father's positive interaction with his wife influence his relationship with his children?
How might a father's positive interaction with his wife influence his relationship with his children?
What distinguishes authoritative parenting from authoritarian parenting?
What distinguishes authoritative parenting from authoritarian parenting?
How does permissive parenting differ from neglectful parenting?
How does permissive parenting differ from neglectful parenting?
According to the family stress model, how can financial stress impact parenting styles?
According to the family stress model, how can financial stress impact parenting styles?
What is the primary distinction between the parent effects model and the child effects model of family influence?
What is the primary distinction between the parent effects model and the child effects model of family influence?
How does the transactional model of family influence differ from the interactional model?
How does the transactional model of family influence differ from the interactional model?
Which of the following is a characteristic of companionate grandparenting?
Which of the following is a characteristic of companionate grandparenting?
What is the 'middle generation squeeze'?
What is the 'middle generation squeeze'?
According to the information provided, what is a common factor in couples at highest risk of divorce?
According to the information provided, what is a common factor in couples at highest risk of divorce?
How do lesbian mothers generally compare to heterosexual mothers in terms of parenting?
How do lesbian mothers generally compare to heterosexual mothers in terms of parenting?
What is the primary focus of hospice care?
What is the primary focus of hospice care?
How does the understanding of death typically evolve in children between the ages of 4 and 5 years?
How does the understanding of death typically evolve in children between the ages of 4 and 5 years?
Flashcards
Family systems theory
Family systems theory
A whole consisting of interrelated parts, each contributing to the whole.
Dyadic Subsystem
Dyadic Subsystem
Involves two people.
Polyadic subsystems
Polyadic subsystems
Involves more than two people.
Coparenting
Coparenting
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Extended households
Extended households
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Cohabitation
Cohabitation
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Authoritative Parenting
Authoritative Parenting
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Authoritarian Parenting
Authoritarian Parenting
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Permissive Parenting
Permissive Parenting
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Neglectful Parenting
Neglectful Parenting
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Family Stress Model
Family Stress Model
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Parent effects
Parent effects
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Child effects
Child effects
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Interactional Model
Interactional Model
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Transactional Model
Transactional Model
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Middle generation squeeze
Middle generation squeeze
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Remote Grandparenting
Remote Grandparenting
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Companionate Grandparenting
Companionate Grandparenting
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Involved Grandparenting
Involved Grandparenting
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Hospice
Hospice
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Study Notes
- The family consists of interrelated parts contributing to the whole, with dynamic and embedded substages.
- Dyadic substage: a self-organizing system adapting to changes in its members and environment.
- Embedded substage: embedded in and interacts with larger social systems like neighborhoods or communities.
- Dyadic subsystem: involves two people.
- Polyadic subsystems: involve more than two people.
- Coparenting: ways parents coordinate parenting styles, punishments, rewards, and freedoms.
- Extended households: parents and children live with other kin, which may include blended families.
- US trends show more remarriages and empty nest years.
- Older women are more likely to live alone than older men (36% vs. 20%).
- Multigenerational families are increasing, with 8% of children living with grandparents and 30% expected to during childhood.
- There are fewer caregivers for aging adults.
- Cohabitation: living with a romantic partner without marriage, is steadily increasing.
- US trends include more single adults, postponed marriages, fewer children, and more working mothers and single-parent families.
- Mothers with supportive partners interact more patiently and sensitively with their babies.
- Fathers who have had a pleasant conversation with their wives tend to be more supportive and engaged with their children.
- Authoritative parenting: reasonable demands, consistently enforced, with sensitivity and acceptance of the child.
- Authoritarian parenting: many rules and demands, few explanations, and little sensitivity.
- Permissive parenting: few rules and demands; children are allowed much freedom.
- Neglectful parenting: few rules and demands; parents are uninvolved and insensitive.
- Family Stress Model: financial stressors negatively affect parental mental health, parenting, and child development.
- Compared to middle/upper classes, working-class parents stress obedience and respect for authority and are less warm, nurturant, authoritarian, and confident.
- Financial stress, resource investment, and cultural values explain differing parenting styles.
- Parent effects: influence runs one way, from parent to child.
- Child effects: highlights the influences of children on their parents.
- Interactional Model: parent and child characteristics combine to influence development.
- Transactional model: parent and child influence each other reciprocally over time.
- Parent-adolescent conflict increases as adolescents near puberty, mainly about minor matters.
- Adolescents spend more time with peers.
- New parenthood: a stressful transition eased by an easy baby, positive qualities, and support.
- Middle generation squeeze: middle-aged adults are pressured by demands from children and aging parents.
- Remote Grandparenting: geographically and emotionally distant.
- Companionate Grandparenting: common style, frequently seeing and enjoying activities with grandchildren.
- Involved Grandparenting: helps with childcare, gives advice, and plays practical roles.
- Reasons for cohabitation: convenience, trial marriage, or alternative to marriage.
- Gay and lesbian families: relationships evolve through the same stages as heterosexual couples.
- Lesbian mothers and children have similar outcomes; children are no more likely to develop a homosexual or bisexual orientation.
- Couples at highest risk of divorce: younger (20s and 30s), married about seven years, with young children, lacking communication, fulfillment, or compatibility.
- Three criteria define abnormal/normal: statistical deviance, maladaptiveness, and personal distress.
- Statistical deviance: whether behavior is statistically rare.
- Maladaptiveness: whether behavior interferes with daily activities or relationships.
- Personal distress: whether behavior is personally upsetting.
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): defines features and symptoms for psychological disorders.
- Psychological disorders have variations, contributors, and require a number of symptoms for a minimum duration, including five of the following persistently for two weeks.
- Diathesis-Stress Model: psychopathology results from predisposition/vulnerability and stressful events.
- An example of the diathesis-stress model often evolves from the interaction of diathesis and stress in relations to stress and disorder.
- Defining features of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): social and communication deficits, restricted interests, and repetitive behavior.
- ASD includes: difficulty forming relationships, responding to social cues (specifically and literally), seeking sameness, obsessing over objects, and resisting change.
- Rising ASD rates: increased awareness, broader definition, inclusion of Asperger's, increased diagnosis, and variations in practices.
- Brain functioning in ASD: abnormal growth and connectivity, mirror neuron deficits, executive function impairments, and an extreme male brain.
- Effective treatments for ASD: intensive, structured behavioral and educational programming with early identification and intervention.
- Externalizing Problems: symptoms of multiple disorders, lacking self-control, acting out, and violating expectations.
- Internalizing problems: negative emotions are internalized such as anxiety disorders, phobias, shyness, withdrawal, and depression.
- Symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, diagnosed in early elementary school.
- Brain region implicated in ADHD: Frontal lobes do not function in typically developing children.
- Best Treatment for ADHD: Medication/medication combined with behavior treatment can improve functioning in the short term(only when needed).
- Eating Disorders include: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder
- Anorexia nervosa definition: Restricted caloric intake leading to dangerously low body weight, persistent fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image.
- Anorexia nervosa characteristics: <1% of population, common in females, non-Latina white, competitive/perfectionistic personality, and can lead to organ failure.
- Bulimia Nervosa: binge and purge patterns, sense of loss of control, at least 2x per week for 3 months (90% are women; 1-2% are diagnosed)
- Bulimia Nervosa is defined as: Consuming a vast amount of calories, purging through excessive exercise, laxatives, or vomiting.
- Binge Eating disorder (BED): defined as a new diagnosis in the 2013DSM - Binge eating with no purge; diminished activity in the prefrontal cortex.
- Alzheimer's: a progressive, irreversible brain disorder with gradual deterioration and brain shrinkage.
- Alzheimer's is the most common subtype of dementia: 10% of people 65+ have this (3% are 65-74, 17% are 75-84, 32% are 85+)
- Alzheimer's: deficiency of Acetylcholine with mitochondrial dysfunction that can be an early event.
- Individuals with alzheimer's can be irritable, confused, argumentative, and think people are out to get them/act out
- Pharmaceutical treatments may slow Alzheimer's but do not stop or reverse it.
- Depression in children: Rare with Sadness, irritability, and lack of interest in activities
- Depression in children treatments include: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), Parent Child Interaction Therapy, Medication
- Depression in Adolescence: Genetic influences become stronger with dependence on ruminative coping where girls are more likely to experience accumulation of stressful events
- Suicide is ranked as a second leading cause of death for 15- to 24-year-olds with 12% of male and 19% of female high school students considered suicide in the past year
- Depression in adults: Average age of onset of major depression is the early 20s
- Depression in the elderly: Older adults likely to go undiagnosed and believe depressive symptoms are part of aging process with some mental health professionals misdiagnosing their ailments.
- Depression in the elderly includes : 1 to 2% of elderly adults have major depressive disorder; 15 and 25% experience symptoms of depression
- The best treatment for elderly depression is often a combination of drug treatment and psychotherapy
- Advance directive: states preferences such as whether life-sustaining procedures may be used to prolong life.
- An advance directive helps make decision for others on life-sustaining procedure.
- Living will: a one kind of advanced directive Accepted in all 50 states:
- Living Will states desires regarding extraordinary medical procedures that may sustain life when medical situation becomes hopeless.
- A living will is designed to be completed while the individual can still think clearly
- Euthanasia: the act of painlessly ending the lives of individuals who are suffering from an incurable disease or severe disability
- Active Euthanasia: death is deliberately induced (e.g., lethal injection) - legal in a few countries (e.g., Australia, Canada) but not in the US where a physician gives lethal dose
- Passive Euthanasia: person is allowed to die by withholding treatment, such as withdrawing a life-sustaining device
- Physicians Assisted Suicide (PAS): World- Legal in about 10 countries: US - depends on the state
- Some support Physicians Assisted Suicide as :death should be calm & dignified, not full of suffering
- Some are against :stress it is murder; say it is against God's will; slippery slope
- Physicians Assisted Suicide involves the physician prescribes something to end your life, but you take it yourself
- Hospice: Emphasizes palliative care reducing pain and suffering and helping individuals die with dignity by providing a program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible
- The hospice care location: today -->> Usually at home
- Infant reasons for death: sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
- Childhood reasons for death: - most often due to accidents or illness
- Major illnesses that cause death in children are: heart disease, cancer, birth defects.
- Adolescence reasons for death: motor vehicle accidents, suicide, & homicide
- Young and middle-aged adult reasons for death: illnesses such as heart disease and cancer
- Older adults reasons for death: chronic diseases that may leave them incapacitated before death, producing a long course of dying
- Mature understanding of death involves the understanding that death is: final, irreversible and is the end of life for all living things.
- Children ages 2-3 attitude towards death: Don't understand death rather just looking on outward appearance and don't understand that life is over/final.
- In regards to death, Children 4-5 years: understand the irreversibility of death and that it involves the cessation of mental and physical functioning
- Middle to late childhood attitude towards death: develop realistic, accurate perceptions of death
- How does middle aged adult attitude toward death compare to young/older adults: They fear death more than young adults or older adults
- Middle Aged adults talk about accept death while Younger adults feel cheated.
- The best way to discuss death with children: Honesty (don't give them more than they asked, but truth needs to be told) and that the Death of parents can be very difficult.
- Kubler-ross Denial/isolation stage of grief: denies death or loss
- Kubler-ross anger stage of grief: anger, resentment, rage, and envy (mad at self, person who died, everyone else)
- Kubler-ross bargaining stage of grief: hope that death can be delayed (maybe we can change something or do something to get out of this)
- Kubler-ross depression stage of grief: perceives the certainty of death (retells the story)
- Kubler-ross acceptance stage of grief: develops a sense of peace, acceptance of one's own fate, often a desire to be left alone.
- Criticisms of Kubler-Ross' stages of grief: Recent revisions include 7 rather than 5 stages such as Addition of Shock at the beginning and Testing before Acceptance
- It notes the lack of data supporting that they happen in this order and are Not demonstrated by independent research; and fail to take into account individual situations.
- The stages of grief are Potentially viewed as reactions rather then stages
- Prolonged grief disorder: Sudden, untimely, violent, or traumatic deaths - more intense and prolonged effects which makes the Coping process is more difficult.
- Prolonged grief disorder is Often accompanied by symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
- Prolonged grief disorder is caused by Unexpected/instantaneous deaths typically cause this
- What is most characteristic of Alzheimer's?: Beta-amyloid plaques & neurofibrillary tangles (tau)
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