4.2.3 Family diversity
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Questions and Answers

In the UK, what percentage of families were single-parent families in 1961?

  • 5%
  • 15%
  • 2% (correct)
  • 10%
  • What is the main cause of the rise of reconstituted families?

  • Changes in immigration patterns
  • Divorce and remarriage (correct)
  • Increased cohabitation
  • Rise of LGBTQ+ relationships
  • What is the most common type of single-parent family worldwide, in terms of the parent's gender?

  • Families headed by a single mother (correct)
  • Families headed by a same-sex couple
  • Families headed by a single father
  • Families headed by multiple parents
  • According to the US Census Board, how many single-parent families were there in the USA in 2017?

    <p>12 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely outcome for custody of children in a divorce, according to the information provided?

    <p>Custody awarded to the mother (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of families in the UK that were single-parent families in 2012?

    <p>25% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following family forms is NOT directly attributed to the availability of divorce?

    <p>Extended families (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the lowest numbers of single-parent families headed by females found, according to the information provided?

    <p>Africa and Asia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major factor contributing to assimilation of migrant groups into host societies?

    <p>Intermarriage between migrants and indigenous groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the growth of 'beanpole' families?

    <p>Increased life expectancy leading to longer lifespans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in family lifestyles between affluent and working-class families, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Affluent families often send their children to boarding schools. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a characteristic of the 'neo-conventional family' as defined by Chester?

    <p>Most families have strong horizontal intra-generational ties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the 'beanpole' family differ from previous generations in terms of family ties?

    <p>They have closer ties with both grandparents and great-grandparents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT an example of class diversity in family life, as discussed in the text?

    <p>Experiences of prejudice and discrimination based on race. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, which statement best describes Chester's view on the nuclear family in contemporary society?

    <p>The nuclear family is still the dominant family form despite some changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a change that Chester acknowledges in the nuclear family over time?

    <p>Greater acceptance of same-sex relationships and partnerships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the relationship between family diversity and cultural conflict?

    <p>Family diversity can lead to increased cultural conflict. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea that the author is trying to convey in the text?

    <p>Family structures have become increasingly diverse in modern societies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the prevalence of blended families in industrialized societies?

    <p>Cultural acceptance of divorce and remarriage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between blended families and reconstituted families?

    <p>Blended families include children born to the couple after remarriage, whereas reconstituted families do not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a challenge faced by reconstituted families, as identified by De'Ath and Slater (1992)?

    <p>Financial strain resulting from supporting multiple children. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the high number of single-person households in China?

    <p>The imbalance between the number of males and females in urban areas due to historical demographics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main argument presented by the text regarding the 'vertical extended family' structure?

    <p>It is typically found in less industrialized societies due to cultural norms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'dual burden' faced by some women in dual-income nuclear families as discussed in the text?

    <p>The responsibility of managing both their careers and taking care of their children and household. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of global migration mentioned in the text?

    <p>The emergence of new forms of family structures and relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key argument made by Rhona and Robert Rapoport (1982) regarding family structures?

    <p>The nuclear family structure remains the most common despite variations in its internal organization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the increase in single-person households?

    <p>The increasing acceptance of alternative family structures, such as cohabitation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary argument made by Wednesday Martin (2013) regarding step-families?

    <p>Children's resentment towards step-parents is a normal reaction to significant change in their lives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary argument made by Daisy Guo (2017) regarding single-person households in China?

    <p>Highly educated women in China prioritize their careers over marriage and family life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are single-person households less common in less industrialized societies compared to industrialized societies?

    <p>Cultural disapproval of living alone and strong kinship networks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of organizational diversity in families, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Differences in religious beliefs and practices between family members. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant trend in family structures observed in the post-war era?

    <p>The rise of single-person households, especially among males aged 20 to 50 years. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about 'dispersed extended families'?

    <p>They maintain connections through digital technology and physical gatherings for special events. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between domestic diversity and family structures as discussed in the text?

    <p>Domestic diversity refers to the variations in the division of household labor between partners and the influence of these variations on overall family dynamics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Family Diversity

    Variety of family structures, influenced by social changes like divorce.

    Single-parent Family

    A family where one parent raises children alone after separation or divorce.

    Reconstituted Family

    A new family formed from previous relationships, including step-parents.

    Blended Family

    A family that includes children from previous relationships and new partners.

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    Impact of Divorce

    Divorce increases single-parent households and changes family structures.

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    Single-person Households

    Households consisting of one individual, often increased due to divorce.

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    Custody Decisions

    Family courts prefer to award custody to mothers after separation.

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    Trends in Family Structure

    Data show rising numbers of single-parent and reconstituted families.

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    Cultural conflict

    Disagreements arising from differing cultural beliefs and practices.

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    Assimilation

    The process by which migrants adopt the cultural norms of the host society.

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    Intermarriage

    Marriage between individuals from different ethnic or cultural groups.

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    Dual-heritage children

    Children of parents from different ethnic backgrounds.

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    Class diversity

    Variations in family quality and lifestyles based on social class.

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    Beanpole family

    A family structure with multiple generations and fewer horizontal ties.

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    Nuclear family

    A family model consisting of two parents and their children.

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    Neo-conventional family

    A modern adaptation of the nuclear family with changes in roles.

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    Chester’s argument

    Claims that nuclear families remain prevalent despite changes in society.

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    Remarried Families

    Families where at least one partner has remarried, often with children from previous relationships.

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    Step-Parent Statistics

    80% of those remarried bring children into the new relationship.

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    Strain on Children

    Children may feel disloyal if they bond with a step-parent while their natural parent is present.

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    Wicked Step-Mother

    A stereotype where step-mothers are seen as causing family problems.

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    Blended Families

    Families formed by remarriage that include children from previous relationships and new children together.

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    UK Single Households

    In 2013, 7.7 million people lived alone, 13% of the UK population.

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    Gender Disparity in Single Households

    Males aged 20-50 are more likely to be single and live alone than females.

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    Organizational Diversity

    Variations in family structure, such as marriage versus cohabitation.

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    Extended Families

    Families that include multiple generations living close together.

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    Digital Extended Families

    Nuclear families that maintain contact with scattered extended relatives through technology.

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    Domestic Diversity

    Variations in how household chores and childcare are divided among family members.

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    Dual Burden

    Women working full time but still responsible for most home and childcare tasks.

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    Cultural Diversity

    The influence of multiculturalism on family structures due to migration.

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    Family Dynamics

    The interrelationships among family members that can change over time, especially in blended families.

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    Study Notes

    Family Diversity in Industrialised Societies

    • Divorce has significantly impacted family and household diversity, creating new family types.
    • Key consequences include single-parent families, reconstituted/blended families, and increased single-person households.

    Single-Parent Families

    • Single-parent families, particularly those headed by women, are prevalent in industrialised societies.
    • UK statistics show a rise from 2% in 1961 to approximately a quarter of UK families by 2012 with dependent children.
    • Similar trends are observed in the USA, with 12 million single-parent families in 2017.
    • In less industrialised societies, particularly Africa and Asia, single-parent families are less common.
    • Globally, over 80% of single-parent families are headed by women.
    • Most are a result of separation, divorce, or widowhood.

    Reconstituted/Blended Families

    • Reconstituted families (often called step-families) are increasing in Europe and the US.
    • Divorce and remarriage are primary drivers.
    • Remarriage rates in the UK (2009) show 19.1% for one partner and 15.8% for both partners.
    • Significant number of children in Europe and the US live in reconstituted families.
    • In contrast, such families are rare in less industrialised societies, often due to cultural disapproval of divorce.

    Challenges in Reconstituted Families

    • Children may experience conflict due to strained relationships between natural parents and the pull to adapt to a new family structure.
    • Step-parents may face resentment from children due to changes in their lives.
    • Step-mother is particularly vulnerable in that role.

    Blended Families

    • Blended families are a specialized type of reconstituted families, with the addition of new children born within the new relationship.

    Single-Person Households

    • Single-person households are common, especially in urban areas of industrialised nations.
    • UK saw 7.7 million (13% of population) living alone in 2013, a significant increase from 40 years prior.
    • Similar proportions exist throughout major European countries, with a significant trend in China (58 million in 2013, which is 14% of households.)
    • Males aged 20-50 are more likely to live alone in certain societies.
    • This is often due to social factors including; urbanisation, a gender imbalance in certain societies, and a preference for singlehood of highly educated/high-earning women.

    Dimensions of Family Diversity

    • Organizational diversity: Variations in family structure (e.g., marriage vs. cohabitation).
    • The nuclear family is common in more industrialised societies.
    • Domestic diversity: Differences in division of labour around childcare and housework, which vary significantly across family types and societies.
    • Domestic diversity: Dual-burden experienced by women in dual-income households is often a common struggle.
    • Cultural diversity: Global migration leads to multicultural families and sometimes conflict.
    • Class diversity: Rich families experience vastly different lifestyles compared to middle-class or working-class families which often relate to economic resources and educational opportunities (boarding schools, university help etc.)

    Beanpole Family

    • Beanpole families, four to five generations linked, are appearing in industrialised societies.
    • These families may experience fewer horizontal intra-generational ties, but closer ties with grandparents and great-grandparents.

    Debate about Family Diversity and the Nuclear Family

    • Some argue that family diversity is exaggerated, and the nuclear family remains dominant (neo-conventional family) despite some changes.
    • Chester (1985) asserts majority of adults still marry and have children, most children are reared by natural married parents, and most households are shared by a couple until death.
    • A minority do not fall into this model.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the impact of divorce on family structures in industrialised societies. It covers topics such as the rise of single-parent families, blended families, and the statistics surrounding these new family types. Test your knowledge on the changes in family dynamics over recent decades.

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