Faith, Science, Reason Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the Clever Hans effect?

Animals are only trained to perform tricks

Animals do not respond to human cues

Animals respond to stimuli to please trainers (correct)

Animals can communicate with humans

What is Washoe known for?

A chimp trained to communicate with sign language

Who is Nim Chimpsky?

An experiment to test animal intelligence

What is HAL 900?

A computer from 2001: A Space Odyssey that stimulated human feelings/intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Who is Kurt Gödel?

A mathematician who developed equations only humans can solve Signup and view all the answers

Who is Roger Penrose?

Oxford physicist who argued that the human mind is different from computers Signup and view all the answers

What did Laplace argue?

Everything happens in the world is predetermined by physical laws Signup and view all the answers

What is determinism?

The belief that everything is determined by prior events Signup and view all the answers

Who is Max Planck?

Physicist who founded quantum physics Signup and view all the answers

What is quantum physics?

The study of the behavior of subatomic particles Signup and view all the answers

What is wave-particle duality?

Subatomic particles behave as both waves and particles Signup and view all the answers

What is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle?

Position and momentum cannot be simultaneously known Signup and view all the answers

What is hylomorphism?

Aristotle's view that everything consists of form and matter Signup and view all the answers

Match Aristotle's four causes with their definitions:

Material causes = What a thing is made of Formal cause = What a thing is Efficient cause = The maker Final cause = The purpose (happiness) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'substance' refer to?

The underlying reality that unites everything of a certain species Signup and view all the answers

What is an accident in terms of philosophy?

A temporary quality not part of the substance Signup and view all the answers

What is transubstantiation?

The change of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus Christ Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Animal Intelligence and Interaction

Clever Hans Effect: Animals may respond to subtle cues from trainers rather than demonstrating true understanding or intelligence.
Washoe: A chimpanzee capable of learning and using up to 175 signs in American Sign Language to communicate.
Nim Chimpsky: Subject of a study to test animal communication, named after linguist Noam Chomsky; demonstrated less language capability compared to Washoe.

Notable Theories and Figures

HAL 9000: Intelligent computer from "2001: A Space Odyssey," designed to mimic human emotions and thought processes.
Kurt Gödel: Mathematician known for incompleteness theorems, asserting there are truths in mathematics that require human intuition rather than computational power.
Roger Penrose: Physicist who posits that human consciousness and understanding cannot be replicated by machines.
Laplace: Mathematician advocating for determinism, claiming that the universe operates on predictable physical laws.

Philosophical Concepts

Determinism: Philosophical theory stating that all events, including human decisions, are dictated by preceding conditions.
Material and Formal Causes: Aristotle's framework identifying the substance (what something is made of) and form (the nature of what it actually is).
Efficient and Final Causes: Efficient cause refers to the maker of an object, while final cause refers to the object’s purpose or goal, often linked to achieving happiness.

Physics and Quantum Mechanics

Max Planck: Discovered the dual wave-particle nature of light, pivotal in founding quantum physics.
Quantum Physics: Focuses on subatomic particle behavior which is not in line with classical physics interpretations.
Wave-Particle Duality: The notion that particles can exhibit properties of both waves and particles, challenging traditional physics.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: Asserts it is impossible to accurately know both the position and momentum of a particle at the same time.

Aristotelian Concepts

Hylomorphism: Aristotle’s idea that all entities are composed of both matter (substance) and form (essence).
Substance and Accident: Substance represents the intrinsic reality of an entity, while accidents are temporary traits (e.g., skin color, height) unrelated to the essence.
Transubstantiation: A theological concept where the essence of bread and wine in Eucharist is transformed into the body and blood of Christ, while their accidental properties remain unchanged.

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Description

Explore the fascinating concepts of animal communication and cognition with these flashcards on Clever Hans, Washoe, and Nim Chimpsky. Learn how animal training reveals their ability to respond to human cues and the implications for understanding intelligence across species.