67 Questions
What type of reactions stabilize sewage organics in a facultative pond?
Both aerobic and anaerobic reactions
What is the depth range of a facultative pond?
1 to 2 meters
What gas escapes the facultative pond in the form of bubbles?
Methane
Which environmental factor affects pond design according to the text?
Solar radiation
What mechanism acts as a check against odor evolution in the facultative pond?
Aerobic layer
What happens to settled sludge mass in the facultative pond?
It converts to methane that escapes as bubbles
What is the main purpose of septic tanks?
To allow sewage to settle and digest anaerobically
What distinguishes constructed wetlands from natural wetlands?
Integration with wastewater treatment systems
Which type of soil is suitable for cesspools?
Porous soil
How often should water-tight cesspools be cleaned?
Every 6 months
What is the purpose of a seepage pit?
To discharge effluent from different waste systems
How is air pollution commonly measured?
With units like mg/m3 and μg/m3
What does ppm stand for in air pollution measurement?
Parts per million
Which factors affect the relationship between ppm and mg/m3?
Temperature, pressure, and molecular weight
What is the purpose of a septic tank in wastewater treatment?
To allow sewage solids to settle and be digested
What is the main function of a constructed wetland in wastewater treatment?
To treat wastewater using rooted vegetation
What happens to the depth of the aerobic layer in a facultative pond as organic loading increases?
It decreases
What is one of the possible reasons for an imbalance between activities of methane bacteria in a facultative pond?
Presence of inhibitory substances in the waste
How does algal growth contribute to the conversion of solar energy?
By converting solar energy into chemical energy
What is the average visible radiation received dependent on?
The sky clearance factor
What is the relationship between algal production and oxygen production in a facultative pond?
Oxygen production is higher than algal production
How are aquatic systems in waste treatment different from natural wetlands?
They are harnessed and constructed
What is one factor that determines the permissible areal organic loading for a pond?
% of sunlight incidence at location
How does gasification of organic matter to methane occur in a facultative pond?
In multiple steps involving acid production and utilization by methane bacteria
What happens if there is an imbalance between activities of methane bacteria due to inhibitory substances in the waste?
Complete inhibition of methane bacteria
What is necessary for a substance to be considered as an air pollutant?
High concentration compared to background value
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an adverse effect of air pollution in the text?
Improved quality of life
What is the major effect of air pollution on human health according to the text?
Respiratory symptoms
Which continent(s) have studies demonstrating the major effect of air pollution on human health according to the text?
Virtually every continent
Why have the health effects of ambient air pollution been difficult to document in the past?
Methodological problems in assessing exposure
What type of air pollution is characteristic of mucosal irritation and eye problems?
High levels of particulates
In which type of societies can air pollution be a serious problem due to inefficient and smoky fuels?
Traditional societies
What has industrial development been associated with in terms of air pollution?
Emission to air of large quantities of gaseous and particulate emissions
What is a common health risk from air pollution in large urban areas called mega cities?
Worst air pollution problems
What adverse health effect does complicating chronic bronchitis from air pollution place on the heart?
Increases risk of heart disease
What are Hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) known for?
Causing cancer and birth defects
Which pollutant is emitted from some dry cleaning facilities?
Perchlorethlyene
What is a geogenic source of indoor air pollution mentioned in the text?
Radon
Which industry uses methylene chloride as a solvent and paint stripper?
Various industries
What is the main effect of sulfur dioxide according to the text?
Broncho constriction
What phenomenon is caused by the emission of acid aerosols such as sulfur dioxide and sulfates?
Acid rain
Which chemical species are identified as the principal ones that cause acid precipitation?
Sulfur dioxide and sulfates
What combustion process produces nitric oxide (NO)?
Combustion in power plants
Which of the following is a guideline level set by the World Health Organization (WHO) for nitrogen dioxide exposure?
400 μg/m3 for one hour
What is the primary contributor to respirable particles indoors in developed countries?
Tobacco smoke
Which type of particulate matter is associated with elevated risks of mortality and morbidity, especially among asthmatics and the elderly?
PM 10 particulates
What is the size range of particulates in PM 2.5?
Below 2.5 μm
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of PM2.5 particulates?
Penetrate easily into buildings
What health effects are associated with nitrogen oxide exposure according to the text?
Increased asthmatic problems
How do acid aerosols like sulfur dioxide tend to deposit in the distal lung and airspace?
Ride along on particulates
Which of the following pollutants is NOT mentioned as a contributor to higher rates of deaths and hospital admissions in affected cities?
Carbon monoxide
What is the likely cause of higher rates of respiratory disease during winter in some northern Chinese cities?
All of the above
Which substance is known to cause nerve damage, learning disabilities, and neurobehavioral problems?
Lead
What is the probable source of 80 – 90% of lead in ambient air?
Combustion of leaded petrol
Which type of hydrocarbons are generally biochemically inert at ambient levels?
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
What role do hydrocarbons play in the formation of photochemical smog?
They are catalysts
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to excess deaths during periods of high air pollution?
Weather
$HCs$ are included among the criteria air pollutants mainly due to their __________.
$Photochemical$ smog formation role
What is one significant health risk associated with aromatic hydrocarbons?
Nerve damage
In children, lead exposure can result in __________.
Learning disabilities
What is the primary source of sulfur dioxide (SO2) as mentioned in the text?
Industrial factories
Which of the following pollutants is a secondary pollutant formed due to photochemical reactions involving NOX and VOCs?
Ozone (O3)
Which air pollutant tends to occur in association with traffic, especially in sunny regions?
Carbon monoxide (CO)
What are the sources of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) according to the text?
Construction and demolition
Which pollutant is primarily sourced from vehicle traffic and plays a role in forming tropospheric ozone?
Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2)
What can lead exposure affect, according to the text?
Cardiovascular system and reproductive system
Which air pollutant can cause eye irritation, respiratory aggravation, and damage to plants and animals?
Tropospheric ozone (O3)
Explore the functions and mechanisms of purification in a facultative stabilization pond, where aerobic reactions occur at the surface and anaerobic conditions are present at the bottom. Learn about the symbiotic relationship between aerobic and anaerobic reactions in sewage organics stabilization.
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