Facultative Stabilization Pond Functions and Mechanism of Purification
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Questions and Answers

What type of reactions stabilize sewage organics in a facultative pond?

  • Chemical reactions
  • Both aerobic and anaerobic reactions (correct)
  • Aerobic reactions only
  • Anaerobic reactions only

    • What is the depth range of a facultative pond?

  • 1 to 2 meters (correct)
  • 3 to 4 meters
  • Over 5 meters
  • Less than 1 meter

    • What gas escapes the facultative pond in the form of bubbles?

  • Methane (correct)
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon monoxide

    • Which environmental factor affects pond design according to the text?

    <p>Solar radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism acts as a check against odor evolution in the facultative pond?

    <p>Aerobic layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to settled sludge mass in the facultative pond?

    <p>It converts to methane that escapes as bubbles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of septic tanks?

    <p>To allow sewage to settle and digest anaerobically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes constructed wetlands from natural wetlands?

    <p>Integration with wastewater treatment systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of soil is suitable for cesspools?

    <p>Porous soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should water-tight cesspools be cleaned?

    <p>Every 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a seepage pit?

    <p>To discharge effluent from different waste systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is air pollution commonly measured?

    <p>With units like mg/m3 and μg/m3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ppm stand for in air pollution measurement?

    <p>Parts per million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors affect the relationship between ppm and mg/m3?

    <p>Temperature, pressure, and molecular weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a septic tank in wastewater treatment?

    <p>To allow sewage solids to settle and be digested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a constructed wetland in wastewater treatment?

    <p>To treat wastewater using rooted vegetation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the depth of the aerobic layer in a facultative pond as organic loading increases?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the possible reasons for an imbalance between activities of methane bacteria in a facultative pond?

    <p>Presence of inhibitory substances in the waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does algal growth contribute to the conversion of solar energy?

    <p>By converting solar energy into chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average visible radiation received dependent on?

    <p>The sky clearance factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between algal production and oxygen production in a facultative pond?

    <p>Oxygen production is higher than algal production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are aquatic systems in waste treatment different from natural wetlands?

    <p>They are harnessed and constructed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that determines the permissible areal organic loading for a pond?

    <p>% of sunlight incidence at location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does gasification of organic matter to methane occur in a facultative pond?

    <p>In multiple steps involving acid production and utilization by methane bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if there is an imbalance between activities of methane bacteria due to inhibitory substances in the waste?

    <p>Complete inhibition of methane bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for a substance to be considered as an air pollutant?

    <p>High concentration compared to background value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an adverse effect of air pollution in the text?

    <p>Improved quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major effect of air pollution on human health according to the text?

    <p>Respiratory symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which continent(s) have studies demonstrating the major effect of air pollution on human health according to the text?

    <p>Virtually every continent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why have the health effects of ambient air pollution been difficult to document in the past?

    <p>Methodological problems in assessing exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of air pollution is characteristic of mucosal irritation and eye problems?

    <p>High levels of particulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of societies can air pollution be a serious problem due to inefficient and smoky fuels?

    <p>Traditional societies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has industrial development been associated with in terms of air pollution?

    <p>Emission to air of large quantities of gaseous and particulate emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common health risk from air pollution in large urban areas called mega cities?

    <p>Worst air pollution problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse health effect does complicating chronic bronchitis from air pollution place on the heart?

    <p>Increases risk of heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) known for?

    <p>Causing cancer and birth defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pollutant is emitted from some dry cleaning facilities?

    <p>Perchlorethlyene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a geogenic source of indoor air pollution mentioned in the text?

    <p>Radon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which industry uses methylene chloride as a solvent and paint stripper?

    <p>Various industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of sulfur dioxide according to the text?

    <p>Broncho constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is caused by the emission of acid aerosols such as sulfur dioxide and sulfates?

    <p>Acid rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical species are identified as the principal ones that cause acid precipitation?

    <p>Sulfur dioxide and sulfates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What combustion process produces nitric oxide (NO)?

    <p>Combustion in power plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a guideline level set by the World Health Organization (WHO) for nitrogen dioxide exposure?

    <p>400 μg/m3 for one hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary contributor to respirable particles indoors in developed countries?

    <p>Tobacco smoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of particulate matter is associated with elevated risks of mortality and morbidity, especially among asthmatics and the elderly?

    <p>PM 10 particulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of particulates in PM 2.5?

    <p>Below 2.5 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of PM2.5 particulates?

    <p>Penetrate easily into buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health effects are associated with nitrogen oxide exposure according to the text?

    <p>Increased asthmatic problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do acid aerosols like sulfur dioxide tend to deposit in the distal lung and airspace?

    <p>Ride along on particulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pollutants is NOT mentioned as a contributor to higher rates of deaths and hospital admissions in affected cities?

    <p>Carbon monoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely cause of higher rates of respiratory disease during winter in some northern Chinese cities?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is known to cause nerve damage, learning disabilities, and neurobehavioral problems?

    <p>Lead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probable source of 80 – 90% of lead in ambient air?

    <p>Combustion of leaded petrol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hydrocarbons are generally biochemically inert at ambient levels?

    <p>Aliphatic hydrocarbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hydrocarbons play in the formation of photochemical smog?

    <p>They are catalysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to excess deaths during periods of high air pollution?

    <p>Weather</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $HCs$ are included among the criteria air pollutants mainly due to their __________.

    <p>$Photochemical$ smog formation role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant health risk associated with aromatic hydrocarbons?

    <p>Nerve damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In children, lead exposure can result in __________.

    <p>Learning disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of sulfur dioxide (SO2) as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Industrial factories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pollutants is a secondary pollutant formed due to photochemical reactions involving NOX and VOCs?

    <p>Ozone (O3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which air pollutant tends to occur in association with traffic, especially in sunny regions?

    <p>Carbon monoxide (CO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the sources of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) according to the text?

    <p>Construction and demolition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pollutant is primarily sourced from vehicle traffic and plays a role in forming tropospheric ozone?

    <p>Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead exposure affect, according to the text?

    <p>Cardiovascular system and reproductive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which air pollutant can cause eye irritation, respiratory aggravation, and damage to plants and animals?

    <p>Tropospheric ozone (O3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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