220 Questions
What is the main focus of this chapter?
The process of change in nature and human perspective.
Which of the following is an example of a gradual or slow change?
Evolution of landforms
What is the perspective of nature towards changes?
Value-neutral
Which of the following phenomena can have global dimensions?
Global warming
From the human perspective, how are changes viewed?
Value-loaded
What distinguishes changes with global dimensions from localized changes?
Magnitude
What is the definition of a disaster according to the text?
An undesirable occurrence due to human activities
Why are some changes considered bad and others good according to the text?
Because good changes benefit human life, while bad changes disrupt life and property
What type of disasters are directly caused by human activities according to the text?
Release of CFCs and environmental pollution
What measures are suggested to prevent disasters caused by human actions?
Establishment of National Institute of Disaster Management
What distinguishes natural hazards from disasters according to the text?
Disasters involve harm to people or property
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of disasters according to the text?
Ripening of fruits
Why are scholars often observed using disasters and natural hazards interchangeably?
Because they are distinct but related phenomena
What events accelerate or intensify disasters indirectly according to the text?
Deforestation leading to landslides and floods
What is a major reason for the increase in human-made disasters over the years according to the text?
Increase in numbers and magnitudes of human-made disasters
What is the best approach towards natural disasters according to the text?
Prevent and minimize occurrences through mitigation and management
Which classification of natural disasters includes events like blizzards and tornadoes?
Atmospheric
What was declared as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction?
1990-2000
Which country hosted the World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction in 1994?
Japan
Which group does the Yokohama Strategy prioritize for assistance in dealing with natural disasters?
Small-island developing states
Which type of disasters are most unpredictable and highly destructive according to the text?
Earthquakes
What did the World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction acknowledge in terms of society's vulnerability?
Vulnerability is rising and society has become more vulnerable
What was adopted as a guide for the decade to mitigate losses due to natural disasters?
Yokohama Strategy
Which natural disasters are mentioned to affect the poor and disadvantageous groups the worst?
Droughts and Soil Erosion
What did the World Conference declare the decade 1990-2000 as?
International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)
Which factor contributes to India's vulnerability to natural disasters?
High Population Density
What is the main cause of earthquakes discussed in the text?
Tectonic activities
Which region in India is moving towards the north and northeastern direction at a speed of one centimetre per year?
Indian plate
What results in the breaking up of the lock between the Indian and Eurasian plates, leading to earthquakes along the Himalayan arch?
Accumulation of energy
Which part of India falls under the Very High Damage Risk Zone as per the earthquake zone classification mentioned in the text?
Kashmir Valley
What is the main difference between natural hazards and natural disasters?
Natural hazards are gradual, while natural disasters are sudden.
Why is every disaster considered unique according to the text?
As each disaster is controlled by different factors in the local environment.
What do earth scientists find difficult to explain regarding earthquakes in India?
Occurrence in stable landmasses
What has contributed to an increase in vulnerability to natural disasters in certain areas?
Human intervention and intensification of activities in disaster-prone zones.
Which department, along with others, made an intensive analysis of over 1,200 earthquakes in India?
Geological Survey of India
What is highlighted as a global concern regarding natural disasters?
The limited ability of individual countries to cope with disaster damages.
What is the most common misconception about earthquakes according to the text?
They occur randomly without warning signs
What does the Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action aim to achieve?
To create a safer world by addressing disaster management at a global level.
Which area is classified under the Low Damage Risk Zone as per the earthquake zone classification mentioned in the text?
Western Uttar Pradesh
What happens when excessive energy accumulates between tectonic plates?
Stress builds up leading to a sudden release of energy
What does the table provided in the text illustrate?
Historical data on deaths caused by various natural disasters in different countries.
Why have disasters been less damaging historically according to the text?
As people avoided intensifying their activities in delicate ecosystems.
Why do earthquakes become calamities in populated areas?
The scale, magnitude, and suddenness of earthquakes lead to disasters.
What change in perception of natural hazards and disasters has occurred over the years?
'Natural hazards and disasters' are now seen as two separate phenomena.
Which statement best summarizes the growing concern among people regarding natural disasters?
'People are increasingly aware and taking steps to minimize the impact of disasters.'
What are some of the socio-economic impacts of earthquakes?
Increased stress on weak economies
What is a primary reason for the vulnerability of states like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab to floods?
Monsoon patterns
Why does Tamil Nadu experience flooding during November - January?
Retreating monsoon
Which of the following is an effect of earthquakes on man-made structures?
Buckling
What are the consequences of frequent floods on human settlements in India?
Homelessness and displacement
How can the impact of a tsunami be described over the ocean?
Limited wave-height and wave-length
What is an essential step in earthquake hazard mitigation as per the text?
Establishing earthquake monitoring centers
What is a common impact of floods on physical infrastructure according to the text?
Destruction of roads, rails, and bridges
How do earthquakes contribute to environmental consequences?
Contributing to river flow obstruction
Which regions in India are mentioned to be vulnerable to flash floods?
Punjab, Rajasthan, Northern Gujarat, and Haryana
What is one purpose of preparing a vulnerability map of a country as mentioned in the text?
To discourage construction in vulnerable areas
What are some of the water-borne diseases that can spread during floods according to the text?
Cholera and Gastro-enteritis
How do earth waves restore water level after a tsunami disturbance?
Series of afterwaves oscillating between high crest and low trough
Why is it difficult to detect a tsunami in the deeper parts of the sea?
"Over deep water, the tsunami has very long wave-length and limited wave-height"
How do earthquakes impact the environment?
By contributing to river flow obstruction.
What is one key aspect of earthquake hazard mitigation according to the text?
Establishing earthquake monitoring centers.
What is the source of energy for a tropical cyclone?
Warm moist air
In India, which coastal areas are more likely to be struck by severe cyclonic storms?
Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea coastal areas
What is the driving force behind the abnormal rise in sea level during a tropical cyclone?
Storm surge
What is the primary cause of floods in well-identified regions?
Excessive surface run-off
Which human activity contributes to increasing the intensity of floods?
Deforestation
What is the main difference between tropical cyclones and floods?
Floods are slower in occurrences
What causes an abnormal rise in the sea level during a tropical cyclone?
Storm Surge
What plays an important role in the genesis as well as spread of floods?
Human activities like deforestation
What provides the driving force for a storm surge during a cyclone?
Very high horizontal pressure-gradient and strong surface winds
What contributes to the abnormal rise in sea level known as Storm Surge?
Interaction of air, sea, and land
What is the main reason for the increase in wave height when a tsunami enters shallow water?
The wave-length gets reduced
Where are tsunamis frequently observed according to the text?
Pacific ring of fire
What characteristic distinguishes tropical cyclones?
Low-pressure core known as the eye of the storm
What is a key factor contributing to the intensification of tropical cyclones?
Release of latent heat due to condensation of moisture
Which region is most prone to tropical cyclones originating in India?
Eastern states near the Bay of Bengal
Why is mitigating tsunami disasters challenging, as stated in the text?
The extensive scale of damage and losses
What happens to the wave-height when a tsunami enters shallow water?
Increases
Which factor contributes significantly to the formation of tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal during specific months?
Moisture-laden winds over warm waters
What is the distinctive feature of tropical cyclones?
Isobars closely placed showing high-pressure gradients
How do tropical cyclones differ from other natural hazards according to the text?
Mitigating their effects involves international cooperation
What is the driving force behind sudden and swift natural phenomena like volcanic eruptions and tsunamis?
Lightning
Why do changes have different meanings for different people according to the text?
Because of human perspectives
What is a characteristic of changes when viewed from the perspective of nature?
Value-neutral
What type of changes can occur suddenly and swiftly according to the text?
Tornado occurrences
How are changes perceived to be by nature according to the text?
Value-neutral
Which type of changes can occur within a few seconds in a smaller area?
Hailstorms and dust storms
Which statement best describes the Yokohama Strategy and International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction?
It emphasizes strengthening national capacities for disaster prevention and cooperation among countries.
What makes earthquakes particularly destructive compared to other natural disasters?
Their ability to strike without warning and cause widespread damage.
What characteristic of India contributes to its heightened vulnerability to natural disasters according to the text?
Its geographical vastness coupled with social discriminations and large population.
Which event led to the adoption of the Yokohama strategy by the World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction?
The rise in economic losses due to natural disasters.
In which way did the World Conference on Natural Disasters Reduction acknowledge society's vulnerability?
It accepted that society has become more vulnerable to natural disasters, especially in developing countries.
What was the main focus of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) declared by the World Conference?
To reduce human and economic losses from natural disasters over a decade.
What makes the impact of earthquakes unique compared to other natural disasters?
Their random occurrence without any specific warning signs.
Why are developing countries particularly ill-equipped to handle natural disasters, according to the text?
Because of their limited funding for disaster preparedness measures.
'India is one of those countries which has experienced most of the natural disasters mentioned in Table 7.2.' Why is this statement significant in understanding India's vulnerability?
'India's unique geographical position makes it more prone to natural disasters.'
What is the primary reason for the high loss of life and property caused by tsunamis as compared to other natural hazards?
High waveheights
Why is the mitigation of hazards created by tsunamis particularly challenging?
Large scale of losses
Which feature characterizes the eye of a tropical cyclone?
Cloudless center
What contributes to the energization of tropical cyclones according to the text?
Release of latent heat
What is the primary driving force behind the abnormal rise in sea level during a tropical cyclone?
Latent heat release
Where do most tropical cyclones in India originate during the monsoon season?
Bay of Bengal
What contributes significantly to the spatio-temporal distribution of tropical cyclones in India?
Peninsular shape surrounded by water bodies
What is the main reason for the establishment of the National Institute of Disaster Management in India?
To prevent and minimize human-made disasters
Why were natural forces initially viewed as the sole cause of disasters?
To emphasize human innocence and helplessness
What is a distinguishing feature of natural hazards compared to natural disasters?
Natural hazards have the potential to cause harm, while natural disasters actually cause harm
Why have human-made disasters increased over the years according to the text?
Because human activities are directly responsible for causing disasters
What factor distinguishes landslides caused by deforestation from other types of disasters?
They are accelerated or intensified indirectly by human actions
What distinguishes the focus of preventing human-made disasters from preventing natural disasters?
The focus on reducing or eliminating human activities that cause disasters
Why do some scholars use the terms 'disasters' and 'natural hazards' interchangeably?
To simplify complex scientific concepts for educational purposes
What is a common misconception about disasters, as per the text?
'Disasters' mainly result from human actions, not natural forces
'What contributes significantly to the formation of tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal during specific months?' is best categorized as a question testing:
'Understanding' causal relationships from the text
What is one of the reasons why states like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab are vulnerable to floods?
Blocking of streams and river channels by human activities
Which region in India experiences flooding during November - January due to the retreating monsoon?
Tamil Nadu
What contributes to the serious consequences of floods on the national economy and society in India?
Destruction of physical infrastructure like roads and bridges
Which states in India are mentioned as prone to flash floods in recent decades?
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab
What is one of the consequences of floods mentioned in the text?
Disruption of valuable crops and physical infrastructure
What is the primary cause of frequent inundation of agricultural land and human settlement in states like Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, and Eastern Uttar Pradesh?
Flooding rivers in these regions
What distinguishes natural disasters from natural hazards according to the text?
Natural disasters are sudden and cause widespread death, while natural hazards are gradual.
What is the significance of the Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action mentioned in the text?
It emphasizes building resilience against natural disasters at the U.N. General Assembly.
Why do people tend to intensify their activities in disaster-prone areas according to the text?
As a result of technological power giving capacity for human intervention
Why were hazards and disasters previously seen as closely associated phenomena?
Because areas prone to hazards were also vulnerable to disasters.
What has changed in the perception of natural disasters and hazards over the years?
Disasters are now seen as controllable events by human beings.
Which statement summarizes the impact technological power has had on human vulnerability to disasters?
Human intervention has increased vulnerability by intensifying activities in disaster-prone areas.
What is unique about every disaster according to the text?
The way each social group negotiates with it.
What is a key focus of earthquake hazard mitigation as per the text?
Establishing monitoring centers for regular monitoring
Why is it difficult to detect a tsunami in the deeper parts of the sea?
Tsunamis have very long wave-length in deep water
What contributes significantly to the formation of reservoirs according to the text?
Landslides caused by earthquakes
What is highlighted as a challenge in providing relief to earthquake victims according to the text?
Transport and communication link destruction
Which natural disaster results in sudden displacement of ocean water, creating high vertical waves?
Tsunamis
What contributes to making the impact of tsunamis less significant over the ocean?
Limited wave-height over deep waters
What is one important aspect mentioned for disaster preparedness and mitigation?
Educating people in vulnerable areas on risk reduction
How do surface seismic waves produce environmental consequences according to the text?
By forming fissures on upper layers of earth's crust
How do afterwaves impact water level restoration after a tsunami disturbance according to the text?
They oscillate between high crest and low trough
What is a direct consequence of landslides caused by earthquakes as mentioned in the text?
Formation of reservoirs obstructing river flow
What is the main cause of earthquakes that prove to be the most devastating?
Tectonic activities in the earth's crust
Why do earthquakes associated with volcanic eruptions and rock falls generally have a limited area of influence?
Less energy accumulation
Which region in India is moving towards the north and northeastern direction at a speed of one centimetre per year?
Jammu and Kashmir
What is the consequence of excessive energy accumulation leading to building up of stress in tectonic plates?
Sudden release of energy
Which organization, along with others, made an intensive analysis of over 1,200 earthquakes in India?
National Geophysical Laboratory
What differentiates the North-east states, Western Himachal Pradesh, and Kashmir Valley in the Himalayan region from the rest of India?
Classification in the High Damage Risk Zone
What distinguishes earthquakes in Gujarat and Maharashtra from those in other regions?
Emergence of fault lines
Which parts of India fall under the High Damage Risk Zone according to earthquake zone classification?
Jammu and Kashmir
Why do areas covered under the Deccan plateau tend to be considered safe from natural disasters?
Stable landmass
Which areas were found to be included in the Very High Damage Risk Zone based on earthquake zone classification?
North-east states and Uttarakhand
What is the primary source of energy for a tropical cyclone, according to the text?
Latent heat from warm moist air
Which region in India is most prone to severe cyclonic storms, leading to an average velocity of 180 km/h?
West Bengal
What causes flooding in well-identified regions, according to the text?
High-intensity rainfall
Which human activity contributes significantly to the intensity and magnitude of floods?
Indiscriminate deforestation
How do tropical cyclones impact sea levels, leading to storm surges?
Interaction of air, sea, and land
What is the primary cause of floods in flood-prone regions like Assam, West Bengal, and Bihar?
Human activities like deforestation
Which natural phenomenon provides the driving force for a surge during a cyclone?
Very high horizontal pressure-gradient with strong winds
What plays a crucial role in increasing the intensity, magnitude, and gravity of floods?
Indiscriminate deforestation
What effect does a tropical cyclone have on the coastal areas in India?
Abnormal rise in sea level
What is the distinguishing feature of changes from the perspective of nature, as mentioned in the text?
Value-neutral
Which of the following is an example of a sudden and swift natural phenomenon according to the text?
Lightning
Why are changes said to have different meanings for different people according to the text?
Because they are value-loaded
What is the primary focus when understanding changes from the human perspective?
Value-loadedness
What is the distinguishing factor between changes that are gradual versus those that are sudden and swift?
Duration
Which natural phenomena are highlighted as having global dimensions in the text?
Volcanic eruptions
What factor contributes significantly to India's vulnerability to natural disasters?
Large population
Which characteristic makes earthquakes the most unpredictable and highly destructive of all the natural disasters?
Unpredictable nature
What was the primary focus of the Yokohama Strategy adopted at the World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction?
Strengthening national capacities for disaster mitigation
Which factor was acknowledged to be the worst affected by natural disasters according to the World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction?
Developing countries
What is the term used to describe India's vulnerability to natural disasters based on its vast environmental diversities?
'Vulnerable subcontinent'
Which session of the World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction declared the decade 1990-2000 as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction?
Yokohama Session
What feature of India's physical environment has contributed significantly to its vulnerability to natural disasters?
Vast coastline
Which characteristic of India has made it susceptible to prolonged colonial past and various forms of social discriminations?
'Vast geographical area'
'Land of unity in diversity' is used to describe which country's vulnerability to natural disasters?
India
'Vulnerable subcontinent' refers to a concept that highlights which country's susceptibility to natural disasters?
India
What is the main cause of earthquakes that are considered the most devastating?
Tectonic activities in the earth's crust
What region in India is experiencing a theory of emergence of a fault line and energy build-up along the fault line near Latur and Osmanabad?
Maharashtra
Which government organization has made an intensive analysis of over 1,200 earthquakes that have occurred in India?
Geological Survey of India
Which states in India fall under the High Damage Risk Zone for earthquakes?
Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana
Why do some areas in India fall under the Very Low Damage Risk Zone for earthquakes?
Being part of the Deccan plateau
What socio-environmental consequences are commonly associated with earthquakes?
Fear and horror
How does the movement of the Indian plate contribute to earthquake occurrences along the Himalayan arch?
By being locked with the Eurasian plate
What major challenge do earth scientists face in explaining earthquake occurrences on the Peninsular block?
'Mature landmass' status
What differentiates natural disasters from natural hazards based on the text?
The controllability by human beings
What is a distinguishing feature of tropical cyclones?
Distinct eye feature
What contributes significantly to the spatio-temporal distribution of tropical cyclones in India?
Monsoon winds
Why are disasters caused by human activities considered different from natural disasters?
Human activities directly trigger them
In the context of disasters, what is meant by 'mobilisation of efforts in excess of that which are normally provided by statutory emergency services'?
Call for specialized response beyond routine services
What is the main reason behind considering every disaster as unique according to the text?
Natural disasters have different impacts on local socio-environmental factors.
What has the observation highlighted in the text indicated about the changes in natural disasters over the years?
Increase in the magnitude and damages caused by natural disasters
Why are areas like Mumbai and Chennai along the coast considered vulnerable to cyclones, hurricanes, and tsunamis?
Colonization of flood plains and high land values
What did the U.N. General Assembly address in 1989 regarding natural disasters?
Collaborative measures for disaster management
Why has human intervention in nature through technological advancements increased vulnerability to disasters according to the text?
Greater capacity for intensifying activities in disaster-prone regions
What do concerted efforts at various levels aim to achieve in relation to natural disasters?
Enhancement of individual nation-states' coping capabilities
What is one of the key differences between tropical cyclones and floods as discussed in the text?
Tropical cyclones are slow in occurrence while floods are relatively fast.
What role does human activity play in increasing the intensity and magnitude of floods according to the text?
Human activities reduce the capacity of river channels and streams.
In which months are tropical cyclones most frequent in the Arabian Sea according to the provided data?
April and May
What occurs when water in the form of surface run-off exceeds the carrying capacity of river channels and streams according to the text?
Flooding of low-lying areas
What is a direct consequence of the abnormal rise in sea level caused by tropical cyclones?
Flooding of human settlements
Which regions in India are among the high flood-prone states as per the provided data?
Assam, West Bengal, and Bihar
What makes the impact of tropical cyclones unique compared to other natural disasters according to the text?
The involvement of storm surges
What is the primary reason for the reduction in wavelength and increase in waveheight of a tsunami when it enters shallow water?
Alteration in wave period
What is the characteristic feature of a tropical cyclone's centre that is known as the eye of the storm?
Cloudless core
Which factor contributes most significantly to the energization of tropical cyclones, making them act like heat engines?
Release of latent heat due to condensation of moisture
Why are tropical cyclones considered intense low-pressure areas in the atmosphere?
As a result of high velocity winds blowing around them
What contributes significantly to the spatio-temporal distribution of tropical cyclones in India?
Peninsular shape surrounded by oceans
Why is it difficult to mitigate the hazards created by tsunamis according to the text?
'Losses are on a much larger scale' compared to other natural hazards
Which region experiences most tropical cyclones between October and November, based on the text?
Sunderban Delta
Why do tropical cyclones have a horizontal extension of up to 500-1,000 km?
'Expansion of the wind belt' from the centre
What is one of the reasons for the vulnerability of rivers in states like Punjab and Uttar Pradesh to occasional floods?
Blocking of streams and river channels by human activities
Which regions in India are mentioned to be seriously affected by flash floods in recent decades?
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab
What contributes to the flooding experienced by Tamil Nadu during November - January?
Retreating monsoon
What are some of the consequences of frequent floods on human settlements in India?
Millions rendered homeless and loss of infrastructure
Which areas in India are mentioned to be affected by cyclones that can lead to serious consequences?
Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat
What is the primary reason for the serious consequences of floods on the national economy mentioned in the text?
Damage to valuable crops and physical infrastructure
What is one of the environmental consequences of earthquakes mentioned in the text?
Displacement of ocean water causing tsunamis
What contributes to the devastating impacts of earthquakes mentioned in the text?
Lack of preparedness measures
How do surface seismic waves affect the earth's crust according to the text?
Opening fissures through which materials gush out
Which measure is suggested in earthquake hazard mitigation to minimize adverse impacts in vulnerable areas?
Modifying house types with earthquake-resistant designs
What is a key focus in earthquake hazard mitigation as per the text?
Disaster preparedness and mitigation
What is emphasized as an important step in earthquake hazard mitigation according to the text?
Modifying house types with earthquake-resistant designs
What is a potential consequence of an excessive accumulation of energy between tectonic plates?
Building up of stress resulting in earthquakes
How are tsunamis triggered according to the text?
Sudden displacement of ocean water due to earthquakes or volcanic eruptions
What role does the depth of water play in determining the speed of tsunamis?
Shallow water has faster tsunamis than deep water
What distinguishes tsunamis near coasts from those over deep sea according to the text?
Near coast tsunamis have shorter wavelengths than deep sea tsunamis
Explore the initial conditions required for the emergence of tropical cyclones. Learn about the differing opinions among scientists regarding the exact mechanism of tropical cyclones.
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