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Questions and Answers
What factor can affect a person's food choices?
What factor can affect a person's food choices?
Which of the following can affect digestion, absorption, metabolism, and excretion?
Which of the following can affect digestion, absorption, metabolism, and excretion?
What can lead to weight gain?
What can lead to weight gain?
Why are older adults at increased risk for drug-food interactions?
Why are older adults at increased risk for drug-food interactions?
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What can interfere with nutrient absorption or excretion?
What can interfere with nutrient absorption or excretion?
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What can affect a person's ability to get adequate nourishment?
What can affect a person's ability to get adequate nourishment?
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What can depress appetite?
What can depress appetite?
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What can lead to nutritional deficiencies?
What can lead to nutritional deficiencies?
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What is the primary purpose of a low-fiber diet?
What is the primary purpose of a low-fiber diet?
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Which of the following nutrients is enhanced in a high-calcium diet?
Which of the following nutrients is enhanced in a high-calcium diet?
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What is the primary goal of the assessment phase in dietary planning?
What is the primary goal of the assessment phase in dietary planning?
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What is the purpose of a clear liquid diet?
What is the purpose of a clear liquid diet?
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What is the purpose of a high-fiber diet?
What is the purpose of a high-fiber diet?
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What is the purpose of providing nutrient-enhanced diets?
What is the purpose of providing nutrient-enhanced diets?
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What is the primary purpose of a Nil by Mouth (NBM) diet?
What is the primary purpose of a Nil by Mouth (NBM) diet?
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What is the primary purpose of a bland diet?
What is the primary purpose of a bland diet?
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Which of the following foods is NOT allowed on a bland diet?
Which of the following foods is NOT allowed on a bland diet?
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What is the main characteristic of a soft diet?
What is the main characteristic of a soft diet?
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What is the purpose of a pureed diet?
What is the purpose of a pureed diet?
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Which of the following diets is used for individuals who cannot chew, swallow, or tolerate solid food?
Which of the following diets is used for individuals who cannot chew, swallow, or tolerate solid food?
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What is the primary benefit of a clear liquid diet?
What is the primary benefit of a clear liquid diet?
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What is the primary reason for eliminating spicy and highly seasoned foods from a bland diet?
What is the primary reason for eliminating spicy and highly seasoned foods from a bland diet?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a bland diet?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a bland diet?
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What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
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Which of the following is a type of polysaccharide?
Which of the following is a type of polysaccharide?
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What is the term for nutrients that are required in small amounts to metabolize energy-providing nutrients?
What is the term for nutrients that are required in small amounts to metabolize energy-providing nutrients?
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Which nutrient is responsible for building new tissues, antibodies, enzymes, hormones, and other compounds?
Which nutrient is responsible for building new tissues, antibodies, enzymes, hormones, and other compounds?
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What is the term for nutrients that are required in large amounts to provide energy?
What is the term for nutrients that are required in large amounts to provide energy?
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What can occur if an individual does not consume enough essential nutrients?
What can occur if an individual does not consume enough essential nutrients?
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Which of the following is an example of a monosaccharide?
Which of the following is an example of a monosaccharide?
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What is the primary function of fats in the body?
What is the primary function of fats in the body?
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What is the primary goal of therapeutic modification of nutritional needs?
What is the primary goal of therapeutic modification of nutritional needs?
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What is the term for the provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the term for the provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract?
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What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a vein?
What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a vein?
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What is the term for a mental health condition characterized by a distorted body self-perception and an obsession with having a thin figure?
What is the term for a mental health condition characterized by a distorted body self-perception and an obsession with having a thin figure?
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What is the term for the process by which the body breaks down nutrients into energy?
What is the term for the process by which the body breaks down nutrients into energy?
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What is the term for the daily dietary allowances designed for the maintenance of health?
What is the term for the daily dietary allowances designed for the maintenance of health?
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What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a tube inserted into the stomach or small intestine?
What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a tube inserted into the stomach or small intestine?
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What is the term for the process by which the body absorbs nutrients?
What is the term for the process by which the body absorbs nutrients?
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What is the primary goal of the assessment phase in dietary planning?
What is the primary goal of the assessment phase in dietary planning?
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What is the purpose of a clear liquid diet?
What is the purpose of a clear liquid diet?
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What is the primary benefit of a high-fiber diet?
What is the primary benefit of a high-fiber diet?
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What is the purpose of providing nutrient-enhanced diets?
What is the purpose of providing nutrient-enhanced diets?
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What is the primary purpose of a Nil by Mouth (NBM) diet?
What is the primary purpose of a Nil by Mouth (NBM) diet?
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What is the primary purpose of serving a food tray?
What is the primary purpose of serving a food tray?
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What is the purpose of documenting a patient's meal?
What is the purpose of documenting a patient's meal?
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What is the primary purpose of providing a progressive diet?
What is the primary purpose of providing a progressive diet?
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What is the primary purpose of parenteral nutrition?
What is the primary purpose of parenteral nutrition?
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Who may receive parenteral nutrition?
Who may receive parenteral nutrition?
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What is a complication of parenteral nutrition?
What is a complication of parenteral nutrition?
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What is an indication for parenteral nutrition?
What is an indication for parenteral nutrition?
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Who may be prescribed enteral nutrition?
Who may be prescribed enteral nutrition?
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How is parenteral nutrition administered?
How is parenteral nutrition administered?
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What is the primary purpose of therapeutic modification of nutritional needs?
What is the primary purpose of therapeutic modification of nutritional needs?
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What is the term for the provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the term for the provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract?
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What is the benefit of parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients?
What is the benefit of parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients?
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What is an indication for enteral nutrition?
What is an indication for enteral nutrition?
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What is modified therapeutic diets used for?
What is modified therapeutic diets used for?
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What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a vein?
What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a vein?
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What is the goal of modified therapeutic diets?
What is the goal of modified therapeutic diets?
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What is a type of mental health condition characterized by a distorted body self-perception and an obsession with having a thin figure?
What is a type of mental health condition characterized by a distorted body self-perception and an obsession with having a thin figure?
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What is the term for the daily dietary allowances designed for the maintenance of health?
What is the term for the daily dietary allowances designed for the maintenance of health?
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What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a tube inserted into the stomach or small intestine?
What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a tube inserted into the stomach or small intestine?
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What is the primary advantage of enteral feeding over parenteral nutrition?
What is the primary advantage of enteral feeding over parenteral nutrition?
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What type of formula is used for patients with specific nutritional requirements?
What type of formula is used for patients with specific nutritional requirements?
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What is the main indication for parenteral nutrition?
What is the main indication for parenteral nutrition?
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What is the term for the administration of nutrition through a vein?
What is the term for the administration of nutrition through a vein?
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What is a potential complication of parenteral nutrition?
What is a potential complication of parenteral nutrition?
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What is the purpose of enteral formulas?
What is the purpose of enteral formulas?
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Why is postoperative feeding into the small intestine feasible?
Why is postoperative feeding into the small intestine feasible?
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What is the primary benefit of preserving the gut's protective mucosal barrier?
What is the primary benefit of preserving the gut's protective mucosal barrier?
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What is the primary purpose of a bland diet?
What is the primary purpose of a bland diet?
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Which of the following foods is allowed on a bland diet?
Which of the following foods is allowed on a bland diet?
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What is the primary purpose of a soft diet?
What is the primary purpose of a soft diet?
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What is the primary characteristic of a pureed diet?
What is the primary characteristic of a pureed diet?
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What is the primary purpose of a clear liquid diet?
What is the primary purpose of a clear liquid diet?
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What is the primary indication for a blenderized liquid diet?
What is the primary indication for a blenderized liquid diet?
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What is the primary advantage of a soft diet?
What is the primary advantage of a soft diet?
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What is the primary purpose of a modified therapeutic diet?
What is the primary purpose of a modified therapeutic diet?
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What is the primary advantage of enteral nutrition over parenteral nutrition?
What is the primary advantage of enteral nutrition over parenteral nutrition?
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What type of formulas are available for patients with specific nutritional requirements?
What type of formulas are available for patients with specific nutritional requirements?
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What is the primary goal of parenteral nutrition?
What is the primary goal of parenteral nutrition?
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What is the term for the provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the term for the provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract?
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What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a vein?
What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a vein?
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What is the primary purpose of parenteral nutrition?
What is the primary purpose of parenteral nutrition?
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What type of formulas provide 1 cal/mL and are most commonly used?
What type of formulas provide 1 cal/mL and are most commonly used?
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What is a complication of parenteral nutrition?
What is a complication of parenteral nutrition?
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Who may receive parenteral nutrition?
Who may receive parenteral nutrition?
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What is the primary benefit of enteral nutrition in critically ill patients?
What is the primary benefit of enteral nutrition in critically ill patients?
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What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a vein?
What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a vein?
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Why is enteral nutrition preferred over parenteral nutrition?
Why is enteral nutrition preferred over parenteral nutrition?
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What is the term for the provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the term for the provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract?
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What is a characteristic of parenteral nutrition?
What is a characteristic of parenteral nutrition?
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What is the primary benefit of parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients?
What is the primary benefit of parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients?
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What is an indication for parenteral nutrition?
What is an indication for parenteral nutrition?
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What is the primary purpose of therapeutic modification of nutritional needs?
What is the primary purpose of therapeutic modification of nutritional needs?
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What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a tube inserted into the stomach or small intestine?
What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a tube inserted into the stomach or small intestine?
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Which of the following may require enteral nutrition?
Which of the following may require enteral nutrition?
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What is the term for the mental health condition characterized by a distorted body self-perception and an obsession with having a thin figure?
What is the term for the mental health condition characterized by a distorted body self-perception and an obsession with having a thin figure?
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What is the primary goal of parenteral nutrition?
What is the primary goal of parenteral nutrition?
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Which of the following patients may require parenteral nutrition?
Which of the following patients may require parenteral nutrition?
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What is the term for the daily dietary allowances designed for the maintenance of health?
What is the term for the daily dietary allowances designed for the maintenance of health?
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What is the term for the process by which the body breaks down nutrients into energy?
What is the term for the process by which the body breaks down nutrients into energy?
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What is the primary objective of a full liquid diet?
What is the primary objective of a full liquid diet?
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What type of patient may require a modified-fat diet?
What type of patient may require a modified-fat diet?
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What is the primary purpose of a restricted sodium diet?
What is the primary purpose of a restricted sodium diet?
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What is the primary goal of providing nutritional supplements like Ensure or Sustacal?
What is the primary goal of providing nutritional supplements like Ensure or Sustacal?
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What is the primary purpose of planing six or more feedings per day?
What is the primary purpose of planing six or more feedings per day?
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What is the primary goal of modifying diets for specific diseases?
What is the primary goal of modifying diets for specific diseases?
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What is the primary purpose of a high-fiber diet?
What is the primary purpose of a high-fiber diet?
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What is the primary goal of providing parenteral nutrition?
What is the primary goal of providing parenteral nutrition?
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What is the primary goal of providing a progressive diet?
What is the primary goal of providing a progressive diet?
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Which type of diet is used to treat constipation and diverticulosis?
Which type of diet is used to treat constipation and diverticulosis?
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What is the primary purpose of serving a food tray?
What is the primary purpose of serving a food tray?
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What is the primary goal of parenteral nutrition?
What is the primary goal of parenteral nutrition?
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What is the primary purpose of documenting a patient's meal?
What is the primary purpose of documenting a patient's meal?
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What is the primary benefit of providing nutrient-enhanced diets?
What is the primary benefit of providing nutrient-enhanced diets?
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What is the primary purpose of providing a Nil by Mouth (NBM) diet?
What is the primary purpose of providing a Nil by Mouth (NBM) diet?
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Who may receive parenteral nutrition?
Who may receive parenteral nutrition?
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Study Notes
Personal Preferences
- People develop likes and dislikes based on associations with foods and are sometimes carried through adulthood
- Preferences in tastes, smells, flavors, temperatures, colors, shapes, and sizes of food influence person's food choices
- Textures also play a great role in food preferences
Religious Practices
- Muslims are prohibited from eating pork
- Hindus do not eat beef
Lifestyle
- People who stay at home prepare foods from scratch
- People in a hurry might eat more ready-made meals
Economics
- Socioeconomic status affects what, how much, and how often a person eats
- Socioeconomic status also affects food preparation and storage facilities
Medications and Therapy
- Some medications may change appetite, disturb taste perception, or interfere with nutrient absorption or excretion
- Some nutrients can decrease drug absorption; others enhance absorption
- Older adults are at increased risk for drug-food interactions due to the number of medications they take, decrease in renal or hepatic functions, and age-related changes
- Chemotherapy may adversely affect eating patterns and nutrition
Health
- Client's health status, such as missing teeth, ill-fitting dentures, and dysphagia, can prevent person from getting adequate nourishment
- Disease processes and surgery of GI tract can affect digestion, absorption, metabolism, and excretion; create nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
- Gallstones can affect lipid digestion
Alcohol Consumption
- Alcohol has a large number of calories, can lead to weight gain
- Excessive alcohol use contributes to nutritional deficiencies, can depress appetite, and has a toxic effect on intestinal mucosa leading to a decrease in absorption of nutrients
Modified Therapeutic Diets
- Bland Diet: used to promote the healing of the gastric mucosa by eliminating food sources that are chemically and mechanically irritating
- Soft Diet: any food that can be easily chewed and digested can be included in the diet; low-residue (low-fiber)
- Pureed Diet: a pureed diet provides food that has been mashed, minced, or ground; modification of the soft diet
- Blenderized Liquid Diet: contains food and liquid that are blenderized to liquid form; used for individuals who cannot chew, swallow, or tolerate solid food
- Clear Liquid Diet: limited to water, tea, coffee, clear broths, carbonated beverages, strained and clear juices; provides fluid and carbohydrate but does not supply adequate protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, or calories
Nutrition
- Normal nutrition is based on recommended daily dietary allowances designed for the maintenance of health
- Therapeutic modification of nutritional needs may be based on a patient's disease condition associated with an excess or deficiency of a particular nutrient
Route of Feeding
- Oral
- Enteral These tubes are inserted through the nose, abdomen, or chest into the stomach, small intestine, or duodenum, allowing for nutritional support and medication administration to individuals who are unable to consume food orally.
- Parenteral (IV, PPN, TPN)
Enteral Feeding for Nutritional Support
- Enteral nutrition may be prescribed for patients who are unable or unwilling to eat or those who need a supplement to ingested food
- Enteral nutrition is provided when the patient cannot ingest foods or the upper GI tract is impaired and the transport of food to the small intestine is interrupted
Nutrition: Essential Body Nutrients
- Carbohydrates: provide energy; sources include potatoes, bread, corn, rice, oats
- Fats: provide long-term energy, insulation, and protection; sources include cheese, butter, avocado, egg yolk
- Proteins: build new tissues, antibodies, enzymes, hormones, and other compounds; sources include egg, fish, meat
Nursing Intervention to Improve Appetite
- Assessment: get medical history, current medications, nutritional status
- Provide information on nutrient: assist/educate patient/family members about healthy food choice and good nutrition
- Reduce psychological stress: eating with accompaniment/talk about something that can enhance mood or enhance appetite
- Hygiene: take a bath, wash hands, brush teeth to remove unpleasant odors/taste
- Environment: comfortable environment, should be clean, eating at appropriate space/place, free from odors and noise
- Food: should be warm/cold, good aroma, looks delicious/variety of foods, looks presentable
- Physical comfort of patient: assist with feeding as needed
Serving a Food Tray
- Preparation: check patient's record for healthcare provider's diet order, obtain dietary consult from dietician if necessary, elicit food preferences of the patient
- Check all diet trays before serving to ensure the diet provided is the one ordered
- Ensure that hot food is hot and cold food is cold
- Keep food trays attractive
- Assist patient to empty bladder and perform hand hygiene
- Remove unpleasant objects
- Ensure patient is allowed to eat/not (Nil By Mouth: NBM)
Documentation
- After the patient has completed the meal, observe how much and what the patient ate
Providing Consistent Carbohydrate Diets
- Balanced treatment for diabetes
- Diets include foods that are carefully selected to provide consistent carbohydrate levels
Providing Nutrient-Enhanced Diets
- Increased potassium diet
- High-iron diet
- High-calcium diet
Providing Progressive Diets
- Dietary fiber: insoluble fiber and soluble fiber
- Low-fiber diet for intestinal diseases
- High-fiber diet to treat constipation and diverticulosis
Postoperative Diet Progression
- Nil by Mouth (NBM) or Nothing by Mouth (NPO)
- Clear liquid diet: 1,000 - 1,500 mL/day of liquid foods (water, tea, clear juices)
- Full liquid diet: milk products, creamed soups, etc.
Nutrition Intervention to Improve Appetite
- Assessment: get medical history, current medications, nutritional status
- Provide information on nutrient: assist/educate patient/family members about healthy food choices and good nutrition
- Reduce psychological stress: eating with company/talking about something to enhance mood or appetite
- Hygiene: take a bath, wash hands, brush teeth to remove unpleasant odors/taste
- Environment: comfortable environment, should be clean, eating in an appropriate space/place, free from odors and noise
- Food: should be warm/cold, good aroma, looks delicious/variety of foods, looks presentable
- Physical comfort of pt.: assist with feeding as needed
Serving a Food Tray
- Preparation
- Check pt.'s record for healthcare provider's diet order
- Obtain dietary consult from dietician, if necessary
- Elicit food preferences of the pt.
- Check all diet trays before serving to ensure the diet provided is the one ordered
- Ensure that hot food is hot and cold food is cold
- Keep food trays attractive
- Assist pt. to empty bladder and perform hand hygiene
- Remove unpleasant objects
- Ensure pt. is allowed to eat / not (Nil By Mouth: NBM)
Parenteral Nutrition
- Provides nutrients, multivitamin supplementation, and calories intravenously to pts. who cannot be fed orally or meet caloric requirements via the enteral route
- Can contribute to infectious complications (line sepsis), volume overload, and hyperglycemia
- Shown to decrease morbidity and mortality in critically ill and severely malnourished pts.
Modified Therapeutic Diets
- Alterations in the pt.'s diet needed to treat a disease process
- Diets modified in one or more of the following aspects: texture, kilocalories, specific nutrients, seasonings, or consistency
Enteral Feeding
- Preferred over parenteral (intravenous) nutrition because it is safer, less expensive, and associated with fewer complications
- Helps maintain GI function and speeds regeneration of the small intestine
- Preserves production of humoral antibodies, reduces gut bacterial overgrowth, and promotes gut motility and reduces risk of sepsis
Normal and Therapeutic Nutrition
- Normal nutrition based on recommended daily dietary allowances designed for maintenance of health
- Therapeutic modification of nutritional needs may be based on a pt.'s disease condition associated with an excess or deficiency of a particular nutrient
Enteral Feeding
- Enteral feeding is preferred over parenteral nutrition because it is safer, less expensive, and associated with fewer complications
- It helps to maintain GI function and speeds regeneration of the small intestine
- Enteral nutrition preserves production of humoral antibodies, reduces gut bacterial overgrowth, and promotes gut motility and reduces risk of sepsis
- Enteral formulas come in powder form to reconstitute or as ready-to-use liquids, containing protein, carbohydrates, fat, electrolytes, and vitamins and minerals depending on the patient's needs
Parenteral Nutrition
- Parenteral nutrition (PN) is intravenous administration of nutrition, including protein, carbohydrate, fat, minerals, and electrolytes, vitamins, and other trace elements
- PN is sometimes called Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) and provides nutrients, multivitamin supplementation, and calories intravenously to patients who cannot be fed orally or meet their caloric requirements via the enteral route
- PN is invasive and costly, and can contribute to infectious complications, volume overload, and hyperglycemia, but has been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality in critically ill and severely malnourished patients
Who Receives Parenteral Nutrition?
- People of all ages receive parenteral nutrition, including infants, children, and adults
- Parenteral nutrition bypasses the normal digestion in the gastrointestinal tract and is a sterile liquid chemical formula given directly into the bloodstream through an intravenous (IV) catheter
Modified Therapeutic Diets
- Modified therapeutic diets involve alterations in the patient's diet to treat a disease process, prepare for a special examination or surgery, increase or decrease weight, restore nutritional deficits, or allow an organ to rest and promote healing
- Diets are modified in one or more of the following aspects: texture, kilocalories, specific nutrients, seasonings, or consistency
Psychological Factors
- Anorexia and weight loss can indicate severe stress or depression
- In female adolescents, bulimia nervosa (binge eating and purging) and anorexia nervosa (distorted body self-perception, food restriction, inappropriate eating habits or rituals, obsession with having a thin figure, irrational fear of weight gain) may occur
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Description
This quiz explores the factors that influence an individual's food preferences, including personal experiences, cultural background, and religious practices. It covers how our likes and dislikes are shaped and how they impact our food choices.