Factors Influencing Food Preferences
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Questions and Answers

What factor can affect a person's food choices?

  • Socioeconomic status
  • Medications and therapy
  • Familiarity with certain foods
  • All of the above (correct)
  • Which of the following can affect digestion, absorption, metabolism, and excretion?

  • Disease processes and surgery of the GI tract (correct)
  • Lifestyle habits
  • Personal preferences
  • Religious practices
  • What can lead to weight gain?

  • Alcohol consumption (correct)
  • Practicing a religion
  • Having missing teeth
  • Eating home-cooked meals
  • Why are older adults at increased risk for drug-food interactions?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can interfere with nutrient absorption or excretion?

    <p>Some medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can affect a person's ability to get adequate nourishment?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can depress appetite?

    <p>Excessive alcohol use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to nutritional deficiencies?

    <p>Excessive alcohol use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a low-fiber diet?

    <p>To treat intestinal diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nutrients is enhanced in a high-calcium diet?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the assessment phase in dietary planning?

    <p>To obtain the patient's medical history and nutritional status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a clear liquid diet?

    <p>To provide 1,000 – 1,500 mL/day of liquid foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a high-fiber diet?

    <p>To treat constipation and diverticulosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of providing nutrient-enhanced diets?

    <p>To treat nutrient deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Nil by Mouth (NBM) diet?

    <p>To prevent the patient from eating due to medical restrictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a bland diet?

    <p>To eliminate food sources that are chemically and mechanically irritating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods is NOT allowed on a bland diet?

    <p>Raw vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a soft diet?

    <p>Low-residue (low-fiber) content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a pureed diet?

    <p>To modify the soft diet for individuals with difficulty chewing or swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diets is used for individuals who cannot chew, swallow, or tolerate solid food?

    <p>Blenderized liquid diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of a clear liquid diet?

    <p>Provides fluid and carbohydrate, but not adequate protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for eliminating spicy and highly seasoned foods from a bland diet?

    <p>They are chemically and mechanically irritating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a bland diet?

    <p>Frequent, small feedings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

    <p>To provide energy for body processes and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of polysaccharide?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for nutrients that are required in small amounts to metabolize energy-providing nutrients?

    <p>Micronutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is responsible for building new tissues, antibodies, enzymes, hormones, and other compounds?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for nutrients that are required in large amounts to provide energy?

    <p>Macronutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur if an individual does not consume enough essential nutrients?

    <p>Nutrient deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a monosaccharide?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fats in the body?

    <p>To provide long-term energy, insulation, and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of therapeutic modification of nutritional needs?

    <p>To manage a patient's disease condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Enteral nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a vein?

    <p>Parenteral nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a mental health condition characterized by a distorted body self-perception and an obsession with having a thin figure?

    <p>Anorexia nervosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the body breaks down nutrients into energy?

    <p>Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the daily dietary allowances designed for the maintenance of health?

    <p>Recommended daily dietary allowances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a tube inserted into the stomach or small intestine?

    <p>Enteral nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the body absorbs nutrients?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the assessment phase in dietary planning?

    <p>To get medical history, current medications, and nutritional status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a clear liquid diet?

    <p>To provide approximately 1000-1500 mL/day of liquid foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of a high-fiber diet?

    <p>To treat constipation and diverticulosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of providing nutrient-enhanced diets?

    <p>To enhance specific nutrients such as potassium, iron, or calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Nil by Mouth (NBM) diet?

    <p>To restrict oral intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of serving a food tray?

    <p>To ensure the patient's diet order is correct and the food is appealing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of documenting a patient's meal?

    <p>To track the patient's food intake and adjust the diet plan accordingly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of providing a progressive diet?

    <p>To gradually progress from one diet to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of parenteral nutrition?

    <p>To provide nutrients directly into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who may receive parenteral nutrition?

    <p>People of all ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of parenteral nutrition?

    <p>Volume overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indication for parenteral nutrition?

    <p>Short bowel syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who may be prescribed enteral nutrition?

    <p>Pts who are unable or unwilling to eat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is parenteral nutrition administered?

    <p>Through a vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of therapeutic modification of nutritional needs?

    <p>To address a pt.'s disease condition associated with an excess or deficiency of a particular nutrient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Enteral nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients?

    <p>Decreased morbidity and mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indication for enteral nutrition?

    <p>Pts with catabolic states with intensive caloric requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is modified therapeutic diets used for?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a vein?

    <p>Parenteral nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of modified therapeutic diets?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of mental health condition characterized by a distorted body self-perception and an obsession with having a thin figure?

    <p>Anorexia nervosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the daily dietary allowances designed for the maintenance of health?

    <p>Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a tube inserted into the stomach or small intestine?

    <p>Enteral feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of enteral feeding over parenteral nutrition?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of formula is used for patients with specific nutritional requirements?

    <p>Modified formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main indication for parenteral nutrition?

    <p>Inability to eat or absorb enough food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the administration of nutrition through a vein?

    <p>Parenteral nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of parenteral nutrition?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of enteral formulas?

    <p>To provide all essential nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is postoperative feeding into the small intestine feasible?

    <p>Because the patient is NPO/NBM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of preserving the gut's protective mucosal barrier?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a bland diet?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods is allowed on a bland diet?

    <p>Milk, butter, eggs (not fried), custard, vanilla ice cream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a soft diet?

    <p>To provide nutrition to individuals who are edentulous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a pureed diet?

    <p>Food is mashed, minced, or ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a clear liquid diet?

    <p>To provide fluid and carbohydrate to individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for a blenderized liquid diet?

    <p>Individuals who cannot chew, swallow, or tolerate solid food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of a soft diet?

    <p>It is easy to chew and digest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a modified therapeutic diet?

    <p>To provide nutrition to individuals with specific dietary needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of enteral nutrition over parenteral nutrition?

    <p>It is associated with fewer complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of formulas are available for patients with specific nutritional requirements?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of parenteral nutrition?

    <p>To provide nutrition to patients who cannot eat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Enteral nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a vein?

    <p>Parenteral nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of parenteral nutrition?

    <p>To provide nutrients intravenously to patients who cannot meet their caloric requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of formulas provide 1 cal/mL and are most commonly used?

    <p>Isotonic formulas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of parenteral nutrition?

    <p>Line sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who may receive parenteral nutrition?

    <p>People of all ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of enteral nutrition in critically ill patients?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a vein?

    <p>Parenteral nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is enteral nutrition preferred over parenteral nutrition?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Enteral nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of parenteral nutrition?

    <p>It bypasses the normal digestion in the gastrointestinal tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients?

    <p>It decreases morbidity and mortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indication for parenteral nutrition?

    <p>Patients who are unable to meet their caloric requirements orally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of therapeutic modification of nutritional needs?

    <p>To modify the diet based on a patient's disease condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a tube inserted into the stomach or small intestine?

    <p>Enteral nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may require enteral nutrition?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mental health condition characterized by a distorted body self-perception and an obsession with having a thin figure?

    <p>Anorexia nervosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of parenteral nutrition?

    <p>To provide nutrients through a vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following patients may require parenteral nutrition?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the daily dietary allowances designed for the maintenance of health?

    <p>Recommended daily dietary allowances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the body breaks down nutrients into energy?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of a full liquid diet?

    <p>To relieve thirst and prevent dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of patient may require a modified-fat diet?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a restricted sodium diet?

    <p>To manage hypertension and liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of providing nutritional supplements like Ensure or Sustacal?

    <p>To provide nutrients for patients who cannot tolerate solid foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of planing six or more feedings per day?

    <p>To encourage a more adequate intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of modifying diets for specific diseases?

    <p>To meet the requirements for disease processes or altered metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a high-fiber diet?

    <p>Not mentioned in the content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of providing parenteral nutrition?

    <p>To provide nutrients through a vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of providing a progressive diet?

    <p>To gradually increase the patient's nutritional intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diet is used to treat constipation and diverticulosis?

    <p>High-fiber diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of serving a food tray?

    <p>To ensure the patient's diet order is followed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of parenteral nutrition?

    <p>To provide nutrition to patients who cannot eat orally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of documenting a patient's meal?

    <p>To monitor the patient's nutrient intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of providing nutrient-enhanced diets?

    <p>To enhance the patient's nutritional status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of providing a Nil by Mouth (NBM) diet?

    <p>To prevent aspiration or gastrointestinal complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who may receive parenteral nutrition?

    <p>Patients who cannot eat orally due to illness or injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Personal Preferences

    • People develop likes and dislikes based on associations with foods and are sometimes carried through adulthood
    • Preferences in tastes, smells, flavors, temperatures, colors, shapes, and sizes of food influence person's food choices
    • Textures also play a great role in food preferences

    Religious Practices

    • Muslims are prohibited from eating pork
    • Hindus do not eat beef

    Lifestyle

    • People who stay at home prepare foods from scratch
    • People in a hurry might eat more ready-made meals

    Economics

    • Socioeconomic status affects what, how much, and how often a person eats
    • Socioeconomic status also affects food preparation and storage facilities

    Medications and Therapy

    • Some medications may change appetite, disturb taste perception, or interfere with nutrient absorption or excretion
    • Some nutrients can decrease drug absorption; others enhance absorption
    • Older adults are at increased risk for drug-food interactions due to the number of medications they take, decrease in renal or hepatic functions, and age-related changes
    • Chemotherapy may adversely affect eating patterns and nutrition

    Health

    • Client's health status, such as missing teeth, ill-fitting dentures, and dysphagia, can prevent person from getting adequate nourishment
    • Disease processes and surgery of GI tract can affect digestion, absorption, metabolism, and excretion; create nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
    • Gallstones can affect lipid digestion

    Alcohol Consumption

    • Alcohol has a large number of calories, can lead to weight gain
    • Excessive alcohol use contributes to nutritional deficiencies, can depress appetite, and has a toxic effect on intestinal mucosa leading to a decrease in absorption of nutrients

    Modified Therapeutic Diets

    • Bland Diet: used to promote the healing of the gastric mucosa by eliminating food sources that are chemically and mechanically irritating
    • Soft Diet: any food that can be easily chewed and digested can be included in the diet; low-residue (low-fiber)
    • Pureed Diet: a pureed diet provides food that has been mashed, minced, or ground; modification of the soft diet
    • Blenderized Liquid Diet: contains food and liquid that are blenderized to liquid form; used for individuals who cannot chew, swallow, or tolerate solid food
    • Clear Liquid Diet: limited to water, tea, coffee, clear broths, carbonated beverages, strained and clear juices; provides fluid and carbohydrate but does not supply adequate protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, or calories

    Nutrition

    • Normal nutrition is based on recommended daily dietary allowances designed for the maintenance of health
    • Therapeutic modification of nutritional needs may be based on a patient's disease condition associated with an excess or deficiency of a particular nutrient

    Route of Feeding

    • Oral
    • Enteral These tubes are inserted through the nose, abdomen, or chest into the stomach, small intestine, or duodenum, allowing for nutritional support and medication administration to individuals who are unable to consume food orally.
    • Parenteral (IV, PPN, TPN)

    Enteral Feeding for Nutritional Support

    • Enteral nutrition may be prescribed for patients who are unable or unwilling to eat or those who need a supplement to ingested food
    • Enteral nutrition is provided when the patient cannot ingest foods or the upper GI tract is impaired and the transport of food to the small intestine is interrupted

    Nutrition: Essential Body Nutrients

    • Carbohydrates: provide energy; sources include potatoes, bread, corn, rice, oats
    • Fats: provide long-term energy, insulation, and protection; sources include cheese, butter, avocado, egg yolk
    • Proteins: build new tissues, antibodies, enzymes, hormones, and other compounds; sources include egg, fish, meat

    Nursing Intervention to Improve Appetite

    • Assessment: get medical history, current medications, nutritional status
    • Provide information on nutrient: assist/educate patient/family members about healthy food choice and good nutrition
    • Reduce psychological stress: eating with accompaniment/talk about something that can enhance mood or enhance appetite
    • Hygiene: take a bath, wash hands, brush teeth to remove unpleasant odors/taste
    • Environment: comfortable environment, should be clean, eating at appropriate space/place, free from odors and noise
    • Food: should be warm/cold, good aroma, looks delicious/variety of foods, looks presentable
    • Physical comfort of patient: assist with feeding as needed

    Serving a Food Tray

    • Preparation: check patient's record for healthcare provider's diet order, obtain dietary consult from dietician if necessary, elicit food preferences of the patient
    • Check all diet trays before serving to ensure the diet provided is the one ordered
    • Ensure that hot food is hot and cold food is cold
    • Keep food trays attractive
    • Assist patient to empty bladder and perform hand hygiene
    • Remove unpleasant objects
    • Ensure patient is allowed to eat/not (Nil By Mouth: NBM)

    Documentation

    • After the patient has completed the meal, observe how much and what the patient ate

    Providing Consistent Carbohydrate Diets

    • Balanced treatment for diabetes
    • Diets include foods that are carefully selected to provide consistent carbohydrate levels

    Providing Nutrient-Enhanced Diets

    • Increased potassium diet
    • High-iron diet
    • High-calcium diet

    Providing Progressive Diets

    • Dietary fiber: insoluble fiber and soluble fiber
    • Low-fiber diet for intestinal diseases
    • High-fiber diet to treat constipation and diverticulosis

    Postoperative Diet Progression

    • Nil by Mouth (NBM) or Nothing by Mouth (NPO)
    • Clear liquid diet: 1,000 - 1,500 mL/day of liquid foods (water, tea, clear juices)
    • Full liquid diet: milk products, creamed soups, etc.

    Nutrition Intervention to Improve Appetite

    • Assessment: get medical history, current medications, nutritional status
    • Provide information on nutrient: assist/educate patient/family members about healthy food choices and good nutrition
    • Reduce psychological stress: eating with company/talking about something to enhance mood or appetite
    • Hygiene: take a bath, wash hands, brush teeth to remove unpleasant odors/taste
    • Environment: comfortable environment, should be clean, eating in an appropriate space/place, free from odors and noise
    • Food: should be warm/cold, good aroma, looks delicious/variety of foods, looks presentable
    • Physical comfort of pt.: assist with feeding as needed

    Serving a Food Tray

    • Preparation
      • Check pt.'s record for healthcare provider's diet order
      • Obtain dietary consult from dietician, if necessary
      • Elicit food preferences of the pt.
      • Check all diet trays before serving to ensure the diet provided is the one ordered
    • Ensure that hot food is hot and cold food is cold
    • Keep food trays attractive
    • Assist pt. to empty bladder and perform hand hygiene
    • Remove unpleasant objects
    • Ensure pt. is allowed to eat / not (Nil By Mouth: NBM)

    Parenteral Nutrition

    • Provides nutrients, multivitamin supplementation, and calories intravenously to pts. who cannot be fed orally or meet caloric requirements via the enteral route
    • Can contribute to infectious complications (line sepsis), volume overload, and hyperglycemia
    • Shown to decrease morbidity and mortality in critically ill and severely malnourished pts.

    Modified Therapeutic Diets

    • Alterations in the pt.'s diet needed to treat a disease process
    • Diets modified in one or more of the following aspects: texture, kilocalories, specific nutrients, seasonings, or consistency

    Enteral Feeding

    • Preferred over parenteral (intravenous) nutrition because it is safer, less expensive, and associated with fewer complications
    • Helps maintain GI function and speeds regeneration of the small intestine
    • Preserves production of humoral antibodies, reduces gut bacterial overgrowth, and promotes gut motility and reduces risk of sepsis

    Normal and Therapeutic Nutrition

    • Normal nutrition based on recommended daily dietary allowances designed for maintenance of health
    • Therapeutic modification of nutritional needs may be based on a pt.'s disease condition associated with an excess or deficiency of a particular nutrient

    Enteral Feeding

    • Enteral feeding is preferred over parenteral nutrition because it is safer, less expensive, and associated with fewer complications
    • It helps to maintain GI function and speeds regeneration of the small intestine
    • Enteral nutrition preserves production of humoral antibodies, reduces gut bacterial overgrowth, and promotes gut motility and reduces risk of sepsis
    • Enteral formulas come in powder form to reconstitute or as ready-to-use liquids, containing protein, carbohydrates, fat, electrolytes, and vitamins and minerals depending on the patient's needs

    Parenteral Nutrition

    • Parenteral nutrition (PN) is intravenous administration of nutrition, including protein, carbohydrate, fat, minerals, and electrolytes, vitamins, and other trace elements
    • PN is sometimes called Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) and provides nutrients, multivitamin supplementation, and calories intravenously to patients who cannot be fed orally or meet their caloric requirements via the enteral route
    • PN is invasive and costly, and can contribute to infectious complications, volume overload, and hyperglycemia, but has been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality in critically ill and severely malnourished patients

    Who Receives Parenteral Nutrition?

    • People of all ages receive parenteral nutrition, including infants, children, and adults
    • Parenteral nutrition bypasses the normal digestion in the gastrointestinal tract and is a sterile liquid chemical formula given directly into the bloodstream through an intravenous (IV) catheter

    Modified Therapeutic Diets

    • Modified therapeutic diets involve alterations in the patient's diet to treat a disease process, prepare for a special examination or surgery, increase or decrease weight, restore nutritional deficits, or allow an organ to rest and promote healing
    • Diets are modified in one or more of the following aspects: texture, kilocalories, specific nutrients, seasonings, or consistency

    Psychological Factors

    • Anorexia and weight loss can indicate severe stress or depression
    • In female adolescents, bulimia nervosa (binge eating and purging) and anorexia nervosa (distorted body self-perception, food restriction, inappropriate eating habits or rituals, obsession with having a thin figure, irrational fear of weight gain) may occur

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    Description

    This quiz explores the factors that influence an individual's food preferences, including personal experiences, cultural background, and religious practices. It covers how our likes and dislikes are shaped and how they impact our food choices.

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