Factors Influencing Food Preferences

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Questions and Answers

What factor can affect a person's food choices?

Socioeconomic status

Medications and therapy

Familiarity with certain foods

All of the above (correct)

Which of the following can affect digestion, absorption, metabolism, and excretion?

Disease processes and surgery of the GI tract (correct)

Lifestyle habits

Personal preferences

Religious practices

What can lead to weight gain?

Alcohol consumption (correct)

Practicing a religion

Having missing teeth

Eating home-cooked meals

Why are older adults at increased risk for drug-food interactions?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What can interfere with nutrient absorption or excretion?

Some medications Signup and view all the answers

What can affect a person's ability to get adequate nourishment?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What can depress appetite?

Excessive alcohol use Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to nutritional deficiencies?

Excessive alcohol use Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a low-fiber diet?

To treat intestinal diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients is enhanced in a high-calcium diet?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the assessment phase in dietary planning?

To obtain the patient's medical history and nutritional status Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a clear liquid diet?

To provide 1,000 – 1,500 mL/day of liquid foods Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a high-fiber diet?

To treat constipation and diverticulosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of providing nutrient-enhanced diets?

To treat nutrient deficiencies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Nil by Mouth (NBM) diet?

To prevent the patient from eating due to medical restrictions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a bland diet?

To eliminate food sources that are chemically and mechanically irritating Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is NOT allowed on a bland diet?

Raw vegetables Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a soft diet?

Low-residue (low-fiber) content Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a pureed diet?

To modify the soft diet for individuals with difficulty chewing or swallowing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diets is used for individuals who cannot chew, swallow, or tolerate solid food?

Blenderized liquid diet Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of a clear liquid diet?

Provides fluid and carbohydrate, but not adequate protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for eliminating spicy and highly seasoned foods from a bland diet?

They are chemically and mechanically irritating Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a bland diet?

Frequent, small feedings Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

To provide energy for body processes and movement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of polysaccharide?

Starch Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for nutrients that are required in small amounts to metabolize energy-providing nutrients?

Micronutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is responsible for building new tissues, antibodies, enzymes, hormones, and other compounds?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for nutrients that are required in large amounts to provide energy?

Macronutrients Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if an individual does not consume enough essential nutrients?

Nutrient deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a monosaccharide?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fats in the body?

To provide long-term energy, insulation, and protection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of therapeutic modification of nutritional needs?

To manage a patient's disease condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract?

Enteral nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a vein?

Parenteral nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a mental health condition characterized by a distorted body self-perception and an obsession with having a thin figure?

Anorexia nervosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the body breaks down nutrients into energy?

Digestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the daily dietary allowances designed for the maintenance of health?

Recommended daily dietary allowances Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a tube inserted into the stomach or small intestine?

Enteral nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the body absorbs nutrients?

Absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the assessment phase in dietary planning?

To get medical history, current medications, and nutritional status Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a clear liquid diet?

To provide approximately 1000-1500 mL/day of liquid foods Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of a high-fiber diet?

To treat constipation and diverticulosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of providing nutrient-enhanced diets?

To enhance specific nutrients such as potassium, iron, or calcium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Nil by Mouth (NBM) diet?

To restrict oral intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of serving a food tray?

To ensure the patient's diet order is correct and the food is appealing Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of documenting a patient's meal?

To track the patient's food intake and adjust the diet plan accordingly Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of providing a progressive diet?

To gradually progress from one diet to another Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of parenteral nutrition?

To provide nutrients directly into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Who may receive parenteral nutrition?

People of all ages Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of parenteral nutrition?

Volume overload Signup and view all the answers

What is an indication for parenteral nutrition?

Short bowel syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Who may be prescribed enteral nutrition?

Pts who are unable or unwilling to eat Signup and view all the answers

How is parenteral nutrition administered?

Through a vein Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of therapeutic modification of nutritional needs?

To address a pt.'s disease condition associated with an excess or deficiency of a particular nutrient Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract?

Enteral nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients?

Decreased morbidity and mortality Signup and view all the answers

What is an indication for enteral nutrition?

Pts with catabolic states with intensive caloric requirements Signup and view all the answers

What is modified therapeutic diets used for?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a vein?

Parenteral nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of modified therapeutic diets?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a type of mental health condition characterized by a distorted body self-perception and an obsession with having a thin figure?

Anorexia nervosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the daily dietary allowances designed for the maintenance of health?

Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a tube inserted into the stomach or small intestine?

Enteral feeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of enteral feeding over parenteral nutrition?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What type of formula is used for patients with specific nutritional requirements?

Modified formula Signup and view all the answers

What is the main indication for parenteral nutrition?

Inability to eat or absorb enough food Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the administration of nutrition through a vein?

Parenteral nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of parenteral nutrition?

Sepsis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of enteral formulas?

To provide all essential nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Why is postoperative feeding into the small intestine feasible?

Because the patient is NPO/NBM Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of preserving the gut's protective mucosal barrier?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a bland diet?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is allowed on a bland diet?

Milk, butter, eggs (not fried), custard, vanilla ice cream Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a soft diet?

To provide nutrition to individuals who are edentulous Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a pureed diet?

Food is mashed, minced, or ground Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a clear liquid diet?

To provide fluid and carbohydrate to individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for a blenderized liquid diet?

Individuals who cannot chew, swallow, or tolerate solid food Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of a soft diet?

It is easy to chew and digest Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a modified therapeutic diet?

To provide nutrition to individuals with specific dietary needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of enteral nutrition over parenteral nutrition?

It is associated with fewer complications Signup and view all the answers

What type of formulas are available for patients with specific nutritional requirements?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of parenteral nutrition?

To provide nutrition to patients who cannot eat Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract?

Enteral nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a vein?

Parenteral nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of parenteral nutrition?

To provide nutrients intravenously to patients who cannot meet their caloric requirements. Signup and view all the answers

What type of formulas provide 1 cal/mL and are most commonly used?

Isotonic formulas Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of parenteral nutrition?

Line sepsis Signup and view all the answers

Who may receive parenteral nutrition?

People of all ages Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of enteral nutrition in critically ill patients?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a vein?

Parenteral nutrition Signup and view all the answers

Why is enteral nutrition preferred over parenteral nutrition?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract?

Enteral nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of parenteral nutrition?

It bypasses the normal digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients?

It decreases morbidity and mortality. Signup and view all the answers

What is an indication for parenteral nutrition?

Patients who are unable to meet their caloric requirements orally. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of therapeutic modification of nutritional needs?

To modify the diet based on a patient's disease condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the provision of nutrients through a tube inserted into the stomach or small intestine?

Enteral nutrition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following may require enteral nutrition?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the mental health condition characterized by a distorted body self-perception and an obsession with having a thin figure?

Anorexia nervosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of parenteral nutrition?

To provide nutrients through a vein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following patients may require parenteral nutrition?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the daily dietary allowances designed for the maintenance of health?

Recommended daily dietary allowances Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the body breaks down nutrients into energy?

Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of a full liquid diet?

To relieve thirst and prevent dehydration Signup and view all the answers

What type of patient may require a modified-fat diet?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a restricted sodium diet?

To manage hypertension and liver disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of providing nutritional supplements like Ensure or Sustacal?

To provide nutrients for patients who cannot tolerate solid foods Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of planing six or more feedings per day?

To encourage a more adequate intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of modifying diets for specific diseases?

To meet the requirements for disease processes or altered metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a high-fiber diet?

Not mentioned in the content Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of providing parenteral nutrition?

To provide nutrients through a vein Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of providing a progressive diet?

To gradually increase the patient's nutritional intake Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diet is used to treat constipation and diverticulosis?

High-fiber diet Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of serving a food tray?

To ensure the patient's diet order is followed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of parenteral nutrition?

To provide nutrition to patients who cannot eat orally Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of documenting a patient's meal?

To monitor the patient's nutrient intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of providing nutrient-enhanced diets?

To enhance the patient's nutritional status Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of providing a Nil by Mouth (NBM) diet?

To prevent aspiration or gastrointestinal complications Signup and view all the answers

Who may receive parenteral nutrition?

Patients who cannot eat orally due to illness or injury Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Personal Preferences

People develop likes and dislikes based on associations with foods and are sometimes carried through adulthood
Preferences in tastes, smells, flavors, temperatures, colors, shapes, and sizes of food influence person's food choices
Textures also play a great role in food preferences

Religious Practices

Muslims are prohibited from eating pork
Hindus do not eat beef

Lifestyle

People who stay at home prepare foods from scratch
People in a hurry might eat more ready-made meals

Economics

Socioeconomic status affects what, how much, and how often a person eats
Socioeconomic status also affects food preparation and storage facilities

Medications and Therapy

Some medications may change appetite, disturb taste perception, or interfere with nutrient absorption or excretion
Some nutrients can decrease drug absorption; others enhance absorption
Older adults are at increased risk for drug-food interactions due to the number of medications they take, decrease in renal or hepatic functions, and age-related changes
Chemotherapy may adversely affect eating patterns and nutrition

Health

Client's health status, such as missing teeth, ill-fitting dentures, and dysphagia, can prevent person from getting adequate nourishment
Disease processes and surgery of GI tract can affect digestion, absorption, metabolism, and excretion; create nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Gallstones can affect lipid digestion

Alcohol Consumption

Alcohol has a large number of calories, can lead to weight gain
Excessive alcohol use contributes to nutritional deficiencies, can depress appetite, and has a toxic effect on intestinal mucosa leading to a decrease in absorption of nutrients

Modified Therapeutic Diets

Bland Diet: used to promote the healing of the gastric mucosa by eliminating food sources that are chemically and mechanically irritating
Soft Diet: any food that can be easily chewed and digested can be included in the diet; low-residue (low-fiber)
Pureed Diet: a pureed diet provides food that has been mashed, minced, or ground; modification of the soft diet
Blenderized Liquid Diet: contains food and liquid that are blenderized to liquid form; used for individuals who cannot chew, swallow, or tolerate solid food
Clear Liquid Diet: limited to water, tea, coffee, clear broths, carbonated beverages, strained and clear juices; provides fluid and carbohydrate but does not supply adequate protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, or calories

Nutrition

Normal nutrition is based on recommended daily dietary allowances designed for the maintenance of health
Therapeutic modification of nutritional needs may be based on a patient's disease condition associated with an excess or deficiency of a particular nutrient

Route of Feeding

Oral
Enteral These tubes are inserted through the nose, abdomen, or chest into the stomach, small intestine, or duodenum, allowing for nutritional support and medication administration to individuals who are unable to consume food orally.
Parenteral (IV, PPN, TPN)

Enteral Feeding for Nutritional Support

Enteral nutrition may be prescribed for patients who are unable or unwilling to eat or those who need a supplement to ingested food
Enteral nutrition is provided when the patient cannot ingest foods or the upper GI tract is impaired and the transport of food to the small intestine is interrupted

Nutrition: Essential Body Nutrients

Carbohydrates: provide energy; sources include potatoes, bread, corn, rice, oats
Fats: provide long-term energy, insulation, and protection; sources include cheese, butter, avocado, egg yolk
Proteins: build new tissues, antibodies, enzymes, hormones, and other compounds; sources include egg, fish, meat

Nursing Intervention to Improve Appetite

Assessment: get medical history, current medications, nutritional status
Provide information on nutrient: assist/educate patient/family members about healthy food choice and good nutrition
Reduce psychological stress: eating with accompaniment/talk about something that can enhance mood or enhance appetite
Hygiene: take a bath, wash hands, brush teeth to remove unpleasant odors/taste
Environment: comfortable environment, should be clean, eating at appropriate space/place, free from odors and noise
Food: should be warm/cold, good aroma, looks delicious/variety of foods, looks presentable
Physical comfort of patient: assist with feeding as needed

Serving a Food Tray

Preparation: check patient's record for healthcare provider's diet order, obtain dietary consult from dietician if necessary, elicit food preferences of the patient
Check all diet trays before serving to ensure the diet provided is the one ordered
Ensure that hot food is hot and cold food is cold
Keep food trays attractive
Assist patient to empty bladder and perform hand hygiene
Remove unpleasant objects
Ensure patient is allowed to eat/not (Nil By Mouth: NBM)

Documentation

After the patient has completed the meal, observe how much and what the patient ate

Providing Consistent Carbohydrate Diets

Balanced treatment for diabetes
Diets include foods that are carefully selected to provide consistent carbohydrate levels

Providing Nutrient-Enhanced Diets

Increased potassium diet
High-iron diet
High-calcium diet

Providing Progressive Diets

Dietary fiber: insoluble fiber and soluble fiber
Low-fiber diet for intestinal diseases
High-fiber diet to treat constipation and diverticulosis

Postoperative Diet Progression

Nil by Mouth (NBM) or Nothing by Mouth (NPO)
Clear liquid diet: 1,000 - 1,500 mL/day of liquid foods (water, tea, clear juices)
Full liquid diet: milk products, creamed soups, etc.

Nutrition Intervention to Improve Appetite

Assessment: get medical history, current medications, nutritional status
Provide information on nutrient: assist/educate patient/family members about healthy food choices and good nutrition
Reduce psychological stress: eating with company/talking about something to enhance mood or appetite
Hygiene: take a bath, wash hands, brush teeth to remove unpleasant odors/taste
Environment: comfortable environment, should be clean, eating in an appropriate space/place, free from odors and noise
Food: should be warm/cold, good aroma, looks delicious/variety of foods, looks presentable
Physical comfort of pt.: assist with feeding as needed

Serving a Food Tray

Preparation
- Check pt.'s record for healthcare provider's diet order
- Obtain dietary consult from dietician, if necessary
- Elicit food preferences of the pt.
- Check all diet trays before serving to ensure the diet provided is the one ordered
Ensure that hot food is hot and cold food is cold
Keep food trays attractive
Assist pt. to empty bladder and perform hand hygiene
Remove unpleasant objects
Ensure pt. is allowed to eat / not (Nil By Mouth: NBM)

Parenteral Nutrition

Provides nutrients, multivitamin supplementation, and calories intravenously to pts. who cannot be fed orally or meet caloric requirements via the enteral route
Can contribute to infectious complications (line sepsis), volume overload, and hyperglycemia
Shown to decrease morbidity and mortality in critically ill and severely malnourished pts.

Modified Therapeutic Diets

Alterations in the pt.'s diet needed to treat a disease process
Diets modified in one or more of the following aspects: texture, kilocalories, specific nutrients, seasonings, or consistency

Enteral Feeding

Preferred over parenteral (intravenous) nutrition because it is safer, less expensive, and associated with fewer complications
Helps maintain GI function and speeds regeneration of the small intestine
Preserves production of humoral antibodies, reduces gut bacterial overgrowth, and promotes gut motility and reduces risk of sepsis

Normal and Therapeutic Nutrition

Normal nutrition based on recommended daily dietary allowances designed for maintenance of health
Therapeutic modification of nutritional needs may be based on a pt.'s disease condition associated with an excess or deficiency of a particular nutrient

Enteral Feeding

Enteral feeding is preferred over parenteral nutrition because it is safer, less expensive, and associated with fewer complications
It helps to maintain GI function and speeds regeneration of the small intestine
Enteral nutrition preserves production of humoral antibodies, reduces gut bacterial overgrowth, and promotes gut motility and reduces risk of sepsis
Enteral formulas come in powder form to reconstitute or as ready-to-use liquids, containing protein, carbohydrates, fat, electrolytes, and vitamins and minerals depending on the patient's needs

Parenteral Nutrition

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is intravenous administration of nutrition, including protein, carbohydrate, fat, minerals, and electrolytes, vitamins, and other trace elements
PN is sometimes called Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) and provides nutrients, multivitamin supplementation, and calories intravenously to patients who cannot be fed orally or meet their caloric requirements via the enteral route
PN is invasive and costly, and can contribute to infectious complications, volume overload, and hyperglycemia, but has been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality in critically ill and severely malnourished patients

Who Receives Parenteral Nutrition?

People of all ages receive parenteral nutrition, including infants, children, and adults
Parenteral nutrition bypasses the normal digestion in the gastrointestinal tract and is a sterile liquid chemical formula given directly into the bloodstream through an intravenous (IV) catheter

Modified Therapeutic Diets

Modified therapeutic diets involve alterations in the patient's diet to treat a disease process, prepare for a special examination or surgery, increase or decrease weight, restore nutritional deficits, or allow an organ to rest and promote healing
Diets are modified in one or more of the following aspects: texture, kilocalories, specific nutrients, seasonings, or consistency

Psychological Factors

Anorexia and weight loss can indicate severe stress or depression
In female adolescents, bulimia nervosa (binge eating and purging) and anorexia nervosa (distorted body self-perception, food restriction, inappropriate eating habits or rituals, obsession with having a thin figure, irrational fear of weight gain) may occur

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Description

This quiz explores the factors that influence an individual's food preferences, including personal experiences, cultural background, and religious practices. It covers how our likes and dislikes are shaped and how they impact our food choices.