30 Questions
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Expanding Circle of World Englishes?
These countries use English as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a low-context culture's presentation style?
Concentrating on the facts and details.
Which of the following is a characteristic of highly person-oriented cultures?
They find socializing very important in order to do business together.
Which of the following is an example of a 'World English' from the Outer Circle?
English in India
What is the key to a successful international conference, according to the passage?
Translating information in a way that appeals to everybody.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Inner Circle of World Englishes?
These countries have a long history of using English as an official language.
What is a characteristic of countries with low masculinity?
More women in high-level jobs
In individualism, what is the primary focus according to Hofstede's research?
Individual or nuclear family
Which country is noted in the text as somewhat in the middle in terms of masculinity?
United States
What characteristic defines individualism according to Hofstede?
Looking after immediate families with less focus on society
Who is an example of an individual who restructured culture through collectivism?
Mohandas Gandhi
What does a group orientation (collectivism) focus on?
The group over individual interests
Which of the following is NOT an example of an object mentioned in the text?
Writing an effective resume
What is a characteristic of concepts?
They are more abstract than objects, processes, or events.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a formal situation requiring informative communication?
The job interview
What is the purpose of the chronological pattern in informative speeches?
To explain how someone or something has developed over time
Which of the following is an example of a process given in the text?
Writing an effective resume
Based on the information provided, which organizational pattern would be most appropriate for a speech explaining the steps involved in baking a cake?
The chronological pattern
What is a key factor that makes communication complex?
The age, race, religion, gender, and background of the sender and receiver
Which of the following is NOT listed as a type of context that affects interpersonal communication?
Grammatical context
What does the psychological context refer to in interpersonal communication?
The needs, desires, values, beliefs, and personality that the sender and receiver bring to the interaction
What does the situational context refer to in interpersonal communication?
The psychosocial "where" you are communicating, such as the setting or social situation
Which of the following is an example of the environmental context in interpersonal communication?
The season and time of day in which the communication takes place
What does the cultural context in interpersonal communication refer to?
The learned behaviors and rules that affect the interaction, including bodily movement, facial expression, gesture, distance, and eye contact
What is the purpose of the Spatial Pattern?
To describe the relationship between objects or places
Which pattern is used to divide a topic into its components or aspects?
The Topical Pattern
What is the primary purpose of a persuasive speech?
To argue for a specific viewpoint that the audience should adopt
Which guideline for informative speaking emphasizes the importance of repetition and reinforcement?
Build on repetition and redundancy
What is the primary role of an informative speaker?
To facilitate audience understanding about a topic
Which pattern is used to retell a story or a series of short stories?
The Narrative Pattern
Study Notes
World Englishes and English as International Language
- The varieties of English used by three identified concentric circles of societies:
- Inner Circle: England, USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
- Outer Circle: (former colonies) India, Africa, Nigeria, Pakistan, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, and Bangladesh
- Expanding Circle: China, Japan, Germany, Turkey, Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Korea, and Taiwan
Cultural Differences in Communication
- Presentation styles vary across cultures:
- Some cultures focus on the 'big picture' before going into detail and appreciate interaction with the audience
- In-depth presentations from low-context cultures simply concentrate on the facts
- Highly person-oriented cultures find socializing very important
- Countries with low masculinity (e.g. Switzerland and New Zealand) have less conflict and job stress, more women in high-level jobs, and a reduced need for assertiveness
Group Allegiance
- Individualism vs. Collectivism:
- Individualism: people look after themselves and their immediate families with less emphasis on the needs of society
- Collectivism: emphasis is on the group, sacrificing everything for the group
Communication for Various Purposes
- Three basic functions of communication:
- To provide information
- To give instructions
- To provide facts and clarify ideas
Nature of Informative Information
- Four types of informative information:
- Objects
- Processes
- Events
- Concepts
Formal Situations Requiring Informative Communication
- Five types of formal situations:
- The public lecture
- The status report
- The briefing
- The fireside chats
- The chalk talk
Organizational Pattern for Informative Speeches
- Five patterns:
- The Chronological Pattern
- The Spatial Pattern
- The Topical Pattern
- The Narrative Pattern
Interpersonal Communication
- Communication is affected by many factors:
- Age, race, religion, gender, and background of the sender and receiver
- Context: psychological, relational, situational, environmental, and cultural
Guidelines for Informative Speaking
- Six guidelines:
- Do an obstacle analysis of the audience
- Organize the material carefully
- Personalize your material to your audience
- Compare the known to the unknown
- Choose your vocabulary carefully
- Build on repetition and redundancy
Learn about the various factors that can complicate communication, such as age, race, religion, gender, and background. Understand how messages can be interpreted differently due to these factors and how communication is affected by context.
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