30 Questions
What is the primary indication for ductography?
Nipple discharge, particularly with blood
Which method is second only to mammography in frequency of use for breast imaging?
Ultrasound
How often should breast examinations be performed starting at age 40 according to the text?
Yearly
What do intraductal papillomas appear as in ductography?
Small filling defects surrounded by contrast media
What type of cancer shows as irregular masses or multiple intraluminal filling defects in ductography?
Invasive ductal carcinoma
What is the benefit of mammography screening mentioned in the text?
50% reduction in stage II, III, and IV cancer
What is the leading cause of death from cancer for women aged 20 to 59 years?
Breast cancer
What is the most common site-specific cancer in women?
Breast cancer
Which factor increases the risk of breast cancer by increasing serum estrogen levels?
Alcohol consumption
What was the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women until it was surpassed by lung cancer in 1987?
Breast cancer
What can contribute to an increased risk of breast cancer by increasing serum estrogen levels?
Long-term consumption of high-fat foods
Which group has a very high incidence of breast cancer due to somatic mutations induced by radiation exposure?
Survivors of atomic bomb blasts in Japan
What is the probability of diagnosing breast cancer by MRI when both mammography and physical examination yield negative findings?
Extremely low
In what situation is MRI screening of the breasts gaining interest?
For high-risk women and those with newly diagnosed breast cancer
What percentage of women with a known breast cancer have been shown to develop contralateral breast cancer through MRI studies?
5.7%
Which method combination achieves almost 100% accuracy in diagnosing breast cancer?
Diagnostic mammography, ultrasound, and stereotactic localization with FNA biopsy
When are ultrasound localization techniques used in image-guided breast biopsies?
When a mass is present
Why is mammographic evaluation limited for women with a strong family history of breast cancer or known genetic mutations?
Because of the increased breast density in younger women
What are the four levels of afferent lymphatic channels in the breast?
Dermal, subdermal, interlobular, prepectoral
Where do lymphatic dyes injected in the breast travel to?
Same axillary nodes
What happens to breast cancers at approximately the twentieth cell doubling?
They develop neovascularization
How do cancer cells travel to seed distant metastases?
Via lymphatic vessels
What is the most common cause of death in breast cancer patients for the first 10 years after treatment?
Distant metastases
Why are conclusive results from breast cancer trials not derived until 5 to 10 years have passed?
To allow for distant metastases to occur
What is a significant factor in determining whether breast-conserving therapy is feasible?
The relationship between tumor size and breast size
Why might preoperative chemotherapy be considered for patients with large tumors?
To decrease the tumor size before surgery
What is a consideration when dealing with patients with multicentric tumors?
Opting for mastectomy due to the complexity of the situation
Why is pregnancy an absolute contraindication to radiation therapy?
To avoid fetal exposure to radiation
In what situation may local tissue rearrangement or pedicled myocutaneous flaps be considered?
To address defects from breast-conserving surgery
How does chemotherapy administered before surgery affect breast-conserving surgery candidates?
It reduces tumor size to permit surgery
Explore factors such as radiation therapy, atomic bomb exposure, and alcohol consumption that have been linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. Understand the impact of these factors on women's health.
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