Podcast
Questions and Answers
What defines a psychological disorder according to the information provided?
What defines a psychological disorder according to the information provided?
Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 D's of abnormal behavior?
Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 D's of abnormal behavior?
A disorder that develops gradually over an extended period is referred to as:
A disorder that develops gradually over an extended period is referred to as:
What does the term 'prognosis' refer to in the context of mental disorders?
What does the term 'prognosis' refer to in the context of mental disorders?
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Which characteristic does NOT align with the concept of normality as defined in the content?
Which characteristic does NOT align with the concept of normality as defined in the content?
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What is the term for the anticipated course or outcome of a disorder?
What is the term for the anticipated course or outcome of a disorder?
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Which type of disorder is characterized by symptoms that tend to last a lifetime?
Which type of disorder is characterized by symptoms that tend to last a lifetime?
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What does the term 'acute' refer to in the context of mental disorders?
What does the term 'acute' refer to in the context of mental disorders?
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In the psychological model of etiology, what is suggested to be a contributing factor to psychological disorders?
In the psychological model of etiology, what is suggested to be a contributing factor to psychological disorders?
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What common treatment was historically used for psychological disorders believed to be caused by supernatural phenomena?
What common treatment was historically used for psychological disorders believed to be caused by supernatural phenomena?
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What is the defining characteristic of Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD)?
What is the defining characteristic of Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD)?
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Which treatment method was NOT traditionally used in the management of psychological disorders?
Which treatment method was NOT traditionally used in the management of psychological disorders?
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What does the term 'insidious' imply regarding the onset of a disorder?
What does the term 'insidious' imply regarding the onset of a disorder?
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Which model suggests that disorders can result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors?
Which model suggests that disorders can result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors?
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What behavior is characterized by a consistent failure to speak in specific social situations?
What behavior is characterized by a consistent failure to speak in specific social situations?
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Study Notes
Defining Mental Disorder
- Normality has been defined in terms of what is average, socially conforming, and personally comfortable, but there is no universal standard for labeling behavior as abnormal.
- Psychological Disorder is defined as dysfunction within an individual that is not typical or culturally expected.
- Four D's of Abnormal Behavior: Distress, Deviance, Dangerousness, Dysfunction.
- Distress refers to personal suffering or psychological pain.
- Deviance refers to behavior that is unusual, rare, and undesirable compared to statistically common behavior.
- Dangerousness refers to the potential of an individual to harm themselves or others.
- Dysfunction refers to behavior that interferes with daily functioning, work, and relationships.
Course of Mental Disorders
- Course refers to the individual pattern of symptoms.
- Chronic courses tend to last a long time or a lifetime.
- Episodic courses happen in specific time periods and then occur again.
- Time-Limited courses occur within a short or specific period of time only.
- Onset refers to the beginning of a disorder.
- Insidious onset means a disorder develops gradually over an extended period.
- Acute onset refers to the sudden beginning of a disorder.
- Diagnosis is an official clinical description and label of a disorder.
- Prognosis refers to the anticipated course or outcome of a disorder.
- Signs are manifestations of a disorder perceived by the clinician.
- Symptoms are perceived by the patient themselves.
Historical Context of Abnormal Behavior
- Etiology refers to the study of the origin of disorders and why they begin.
- Supernatural Model: attributed disorders to divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, or sin. Treatments included religious rituals, exorcism, confession, and atonement.
- Biological Model: attributed disorders to physical disease or breakdowns of bodily systems. Treatments focused on restoring health.
- Psychological Model: attributed disorders to traumas and encouraged rest, relaxation, and changes in environment.
Demons and Witches
- Supernatural causes were believed to be responsible for psychological disorders in ancient times.
- Treatment included sorcery, magic, exorcism, shaving a cross pattern in the hair, and securing sufferers to walls near churches.
- Trephination involved drilling a hole in the skull using a stone instrument called a trephine, believed to release evil spirits.
- Confinement, beatings, and torture were also used as treatment.
- Mass Hysteria involved whole groups of people experiencing sudden outbreaks of running, dancing, shouting, raving, and jumping.
- Paracelsus rejected the idea of possession and suggested the moon and stars influence psychological functioning, introducing the term "lunatic".
Mental Disorders in Current Understanding
- A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in cognition, regulation of emotions, or behavior.
- This disturbance reflects dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.
- A mental disorder diagnosis should be clinically useful for determining prognosis, treatment plans, and potential outcomes.
Anxiety Disorders
- Anxiety disorders share features of excessive fear and anxiety with related behavioral disturbances.
- Fear is the emotional response to a real or perceived imminent threat.
- Anxiety is anticipation of a future threat.
- Panic Attacks are a type of fear response.
- Biopsychosocial Model explains anxiety disorders through biological, psychological, and sociological factors, including genetics, cognitive factors, and cultural influences.
Key Anxiety Disorders
- Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) involves excessive fear or anxiety about separation from attachment figures. It lasts at least 4 weeks in children and 6 months or more in adults.
- Selective Mutism refers to the consistent failure to speak in specific social situations. The duration of this condition can vary.
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Description
Explore the complex definitions and classifications of mental disorders in this quiz. Learn about the Four D's of Abnormal Behavior and the different courses that mental disorders can take. Test your knowledge on what constitutes normal and abnormal behavior within psychological contexts.
