Factors Contributing to Imperialism

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Questions and Answers

Why did the Chinese migrate to Cuba and Peru?

  • To flee political persecution in China.
  • To join family members who had already settled there.
  • To escape poverty and find better opportunities.
  • To work as indentured servants on plantations. (correct)

What was a major consequence of the increased urbanization caused by migration patterns?

  • A decline in pollution and environmental problems.
  • A decrease in the number of available jobs.
  • Increased opportunities for education and social mobility.
  • More crowding and pollution in cities. (correct)

What was a major difference between the migration of Italians to Argentina and the migration of Chinese to Cuba and Peru?

  • Italian migrants were primarily skilled laborers, while Chinese migrants were unskilled laborers.
  • Italian migrants were free agents, while Chinese migrants were indentured servants. (correct)
  • Italian migration was primarily driven by political persecution, while Chinese migration was driven by economic opportunity.
  • Italian migrants were forced to relocate, while Chinese migrants chose to migrate freely.

Which of the following best describes the impact of Chinese migration to Peru on Peruvian culture?

<p>Chinese migration enriched Peruvian culture through cuisine, settlements, and traditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the global urbanization impact both the home societies and the receiving societies?

<p>It caused both home societies and receiving societies to experience greater urbanization and industrialization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of ethnic enclaves formed by immigrants?

<p>The development of Chinatown in San Francisco. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is xenophobia?

<p>The fear and dislike of foreigners, often based on prejudice. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main cause of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

<p>Concerns about Chinese workers' low wages and competition for jobs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the new migration patterns impact gender roles in home societies?

<p>Women took on more traditional male roles, becoming breadwinners. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of how new migration patterns resulted in syncretism?

<p>The development of Chinese cuisine in Peru. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a factor that contributed to European imperialism?

<p>Desire to expand religious beliefs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the discovery of quinine contribute to European imperialism?

<p>It helped reduce the risk of disease for Europeans in tropical regions, enabling them to establish colonies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of how the desire for economic gain fueled European imperialism?

<p>The British colonization of Botswana, which granted access to vast diamond mines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary reasons for the French Imperialist ventures?

<p>To restore France's international prestige after a military defeat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the development of steam power contribute to European imperialism?

<p>It provided a means for quickly transporting troops and supplies to colonies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following demonstrates how technological advancements in communication impacted European imperialism?

<p>The construction of submarine cables connecting different parts of the British Empire. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main impact of the Maxim gun on European colonialism?

<p>It gave European powers a distinct military advantage over indigenous populations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the European demand for resources like rubber, tin, and copper in the late 19th century?

<p>To meet the increasing needs of European industrialization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What justification did French imperialists use for their expansion into Africa and Asia?

<p>Mission civilisatrice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the ideology of Scientific Racism?

<p>It measured physical characteristics to rank races in terms of superiority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of the Doctrine of Lapse in India?

<p>It allowed for the annexation of territories that lacked a male heir. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prompted Japan's colonization of Korea?

<p>Control of Korean labor for economic purposes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which conflict resulted directly from the annexation of Texas by the United States?

<p>Mexican-American War (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did King Leopold II play in the colonization of Africa?

<p>He claimed land for Belgium during the Scramble for Africa. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the Sepoy Uprising in India?

<p>Transfer of India to direct British rule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ideology did Kipling's concept of the 'White Man's Burden' reflect?

<p>An obligation to impose European beliefs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of settler colonies established by Europeans in the Pacific?

<p>To exploit resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did America acquire Alaska?

<p>Via a purchase from Russia for $7.2 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which social theory likened the survival of human societies to the natural selection processes outlined by Darwin?

<p>Social Darwinism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a negative consequence faced by indigenous populations after European colonization?

<p>Widespread disease outbreaks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the East India Company during its expansion in India?

<p>To consolidate trading interests and control territory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated the Europeans during the Scramble for Africa?

<p>Desire for natural resources and economic gain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Treaty of Waitangi impact colonization in New Zealand?

<p>It formalized British control through Māori consent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate result of the Sepoy Rebellion?

<p>The East India Company was disbanded. (B), The British abolished the Mughal Empire. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of the Indian National Congress's formation?

<p>The establishment of a fully independent Indian government. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated the Zulu to engage in war against the British in 1878?

<p>The British commissioner's ultimatum demanded the dismantling of the Zulu military. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between the Sepoy Rebellion and the Maji Maji Rebellion?

<p>Both rebellions were successful in achieving their goals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to the development of export economies in colonized regions?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for India's shift from textile manufacturing to raw cotton cultivation?

<p>The demand for Indian textiles decreased significantly due to British competition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the key role of diamonds in the British imperial economy?

<p>Diamonds were primarily used for jewelry production and were a luxury good. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did British control of Latin America affect its economy?

<p>It fostered strong economic growth but relied on the export of a limited number of commodities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose behind Britain’s trade of opium with China?

<p>To gain access to Chinese silver, which was needed in other colonies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did European spheres of influence have on China?

<p>It gave European countries significant control over Chinese land and trade. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a factor that contributed to voluntary migrations from rural areas to urban centers?

<p>The widespread use of slave labor in urban centers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Great Famine in Ireland play in Irish migration to North America?

<p>It created a shortage of food, leading to widespread starvation and prompting many to seek a better life in North America. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a primary motivation for Chinese migration to North America during the 19th century?

<p>To seek opportunities for gold mining and other forms of work during the Gold Rush. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant difference between the migration patterns of the Irish and the Chinese to North America?

<p>The Irish were welcomed by the North American population, while the Chinese faced significant discrimination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the expanding demand for raw materials during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>A decline in the production of manufactured goods in colonies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the British choose to trade opium with China?

<p>Opium was a highly addictive substance, allowing the British to control China's economy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Imperialism

Domination of countries by European powers for trade, resources, and prestige.

Colonialism

Settlement of colonists in new lands to spread European culture and policies.

Political factors of imperialism

Desire for power and prestige to defuse social tension and foster patriotism.

Economic motivations for imperialism

Need for overseas colonies to access resources like rubber, tin, and oil.

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Technological advancements

Medical and military technologies that supported imperialism, like quinine for malaria.

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Quinine

A cure and prevention for malaria, vital for tropical colonization.

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Maxim gun

An early machine gun that increased military effectiveness in imperial conflicts.

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Submarine cables

Undersea cables that improved communication across empires by linking colonies.

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Coerced migrations

Movements of people convinced or forced to migrate, such as Chinese indentured servants to Latin America.

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Indentured Servants

Workers bound by contract to work for a specific period in exchange for passage to another country.

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Convict Labor

Prisoners sent to work in colonies as a punishment and later found to benefit the settlement.

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Global urbanization

The mass movement of people from rural areas to cities due to job availability.

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Rural to urban migration

Movement of populations from countryside to cities primarily for economic reasons.

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Ethnic enclaves

Communities where immigrants of the same ethnicity settle together for support and familiarity.

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Xenophobia

Prejudice against people from other countries, often seen in anti-immigrant sentiments.

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Nativism

The belief that native-born citizens are superior to immigrants, often leading to discriminatory laws.

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Cultural syncretism

The blending of different cultural elements from various groups, such as food and traditions.

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Chinese Exclusion Act

The U.S. law that restricted Chinese immigration due to nativist sentiments in the 1880s.

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Mission Civilisatrice

French term for the justification of colonization by spreading civilization.

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White Man's Burden

Kipling's concept that it was the duty of Europeans to civilize others.

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Scientific Racism

The belief that racial differences justify superiority based on science.

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Social Darwinism

The application of Darwin's theories to justify racial superiority and imperialism.

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Doctrine of Lapse

British policy allowing annexation of lands without male heirs.

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Sepoy Uprising

Revolt by Indian soldiers against British rule due to cultural insensitivity.

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Unequal Treaties

Agreements that favored one nation over another, usually imposed by force.

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Scramble for Africa

The rapid invasion and colonization of African territory by European powers.

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Belgian Congo

The Congo region annexed by Belgium under King Leopold II, notorious for exploitation.

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Colonial Rule in Australia

Establishment of European settlements in Australia through military force.

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Treaty of Waitangi

Agreement used by British to establish control in New Zealand.

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Mexican-American War

Conflict between the US and Mexico over territorial disputes, leading to land acquisition.

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Spanish-American War

1898 war resulting in US control of former Spanish colonies.

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American Expansionism

The policy of expanding the United States' territory from coast to coast.

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British Imperial Rule

The expansion of British control over neighboring colonies between 1840-1860, weakening local military powers.

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Zulu War Ultimatum

In 1878, a British commissioner demanded the Zulu dismantle their military, leading to war.

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Mughal Empire Dissolution

The British abolished the Mughal Empire after the Sepoy Uprising, exiling the emperor.

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Indian National Congress

Founded in 1885, it addressed issues like poverty and trade under British rule.

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Zulu Nation Resistance

The Zulu resisted British invasion, achieving early success but eventually losing land.

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Maji Maji Rebellion

An uprising against German colonial rule in East Africa, using traditional beliefs to motivate.

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Export Economies

Economies built around exporting raw materials to meet industrial demands.

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Economic Imperialism in India

Transition of India from textile production to raw cotton supplier due to British control.

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Diamond Production in Africa

British control in South Africa led to diamond extraction, often using slavery.

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Opium Wars

Conflicts between Britain and China over illegal opium trade, affecting China's sovereignty.

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Global Migration Patterns

Trends of movement such as rural to urban migrations induced by industrialization.

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Irish Migration

Migration of Irish people to the US due to the Great Famine and religious discrimination.

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Transcontinental Railroad

A major infrastructure project in the US, largely built by immigrant labor.

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Displacement of Local Populations

Colonial practices often forced indigenous people off their land for economic gain.

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Study Notes

LT1: Factors Contributing to Imperialism

  • Political motivations:

    • Desire for power and prestige among European powers
    • Imperial ventures used to alleviate social tensions and boost patriotism
    • Strategic locations (harbors, sea lanes) sought for military and commercial advantages
    • French imperialism aimed to restore prestige after the Franco-Prussian War

  • Economic motivations:

    • Colonies provided crucial resources lacking in Europe (rubber, tin, copper, oil)
    • Demand from industrialized nations fuelled resource extraction
    • Access to raw materials led to the establishment of colonies
    • Exploitation of labor in colonies, e.g., Botswana's diamond mines

  • Technological advancements:

    • Medical advancements (quinine for malaria prevention) facilitated colonization
    • Improved steamships increased transportation speed and efficiency
    • Enhanced military technology (Maxim gun) enabled conquest
    • Communication technologies (submarine cables) connected empires

  • Cultural and Religious Justification:

    • Missionaries sometimes opposed imperialism whilst supporting converts
    • Religious justifications were used to legitimize conquest
    • European ideals of "civilization" were imposed on colonized societies
    • "White Man's Burden" (Kipling) promoted a sense of responsibility for imperial mission

  • Racial ideologies:

    • Scientific racism categorized races based on physical characteristics, ranking Europeans as superior
    • Social Darwinism applied evolutionary theory to justify European dominance
    • Popular racism used moral superiority to support racial hierarchy

LT2: Increasing British Rule in India

  • East India Company: Exploited Mughal weakness to expand trading posts and conquer territories
  • Expansion: Controlled much of modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, and Sri Lanka by the mid-19th century
  • Doctrine of Lapse: Policy used to annex territories of Indian rulers without male heirs

LT3: Expansion of European States, US, and Japan

  • Japan:
    • Expanded into Korea through military means and unequal treaties that benefitted Japanese businesses
    • Gained territories through military victories
  • United States:
    • Westward expansion: Louisiana Purchase, Texas Revolution, Mexican-American War, and acquisition of Alaska
    • Pacific expansion: Spanish-American War and acquisition of colonies

LT4: European Expansion in Africa and Settler Colonies

  • Belgian Congo: King Leopold II exploited the Congo Free State's resources using forced labor, leading to widespread abuse
  • Settler Colonies (e.g., Australia, New Zealand):
    • Europeans established colonies in Africa and Pacific islands
    • Settlers used military force to control indigenous populations, leading to disease and land displacement

LT5: Anti-Colonial Movements

  • Rising nationalism: Stimulated by imperialism and colonial rule, fueled resistance movements

LT6: Anti-Imperial Resistances

  • Direct resistance: Sepoy Mutiny in India, Zulu War in South Africa
  • Creation of new states: Zulu resistance, albeit unsuccessful, created a brief period of independence

LT7: Religious Inspirations for Anti-Imperial Resistance

  • Maji Maji Rebellion: Traditional religious practices inspired resistance against German colonization in East Africa

LT8: Development of Export Economies

  • Demand for raw materials: Industrialization fueled demand for raw materials from colonies
  • Expansion of export-oriented economies: Countries focused on producing commodities for export to industrializing nations

LT9: Economic Imperialism in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

  • Asia (e.g., India): Forced shift from textile production to raw cotton export
  • Africa (e.g., South Africa): Exploitation of resources like diamonds and other valuable materials via land control and use of forced labor
  • Latin America: Increased export of goods like tobacco, often under the control of European powers

LT10: Economic Advantage of European and US Companies

  • Opium trade with China: British companies exploited the opium trade to gain access to Chinese silver
  • Unequal treaties: Forced on China and other parts of Asia, granting economic advantages to European states

LT11: New Global Migration Patterns

  • Voluntary migrations:
    • Rural-to-urban migration in Europe and the US
    • Immigration to North America from Ireland and China
  • Coerced/semi-coerced migrations:
    • Indentured servitude to Latin America from China
    • Convict labor to Australia

LT12: New Migration Patterns and Urbanization

  • Global urbanization: Population shifts to urban centers due to industrial growth and reduced demand for agricultural labor
  • Return migration: Migrants often returned to their home countries, influenced by opportunities or economic conditions

LT13: Effects of Migration on Home and Receiving Societies

  • Home societies: Demographic shift, new roles for women, sometimes reduced workforce in rural areas
  • Receiving societies: Cultural exchange, ethnic enclaves, discrimination against immigrants, regulation of immigration based on perceived economic and social concerns

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