Factors Causing Structural Damage in Earthquakes

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the main factors that causes structural damage during an earthquake?

  • The duration of the earthquake
  • The type of soil at the site
  • The strength of shaking (correct)
  • The location of the epicenter

How does the strength of shaking decrease with distance from the epicenter for small earthquakes?

  • It remains constant regardless of distance
  • It decreases exponentially with distance (correct)
  • It increases with distance
  • It decreases linearly with distance

For large earthquakes, how does the strength of shaking decrease?

  • It decreases in a direction away from the fault rupture (correct)
  • It decreases towards the epicenter
  • It decreases uniformly in all directions
  • It remains constant regardless of location

What factor determines the length of shaking during an earthquake?

<p>How the fault breaks during the earthquake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Loma Prieta earthquake, how long did the maximum shaking last?

<p>10 to 15 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the four main factors that cause structural damage during an earthquake?

<p>The distance from the fault rupture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a soft story in a building?

<p>Is unable to provide adequate shear resistance during an earthquake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering, what is the recommended method of retrofitting a structure with a soft story?

<p>Installing proper shear walls or bracing to the soft stories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in a building when pancaking happens during an earthquake?

<p>The floors collapse, compress, and stack on top of each other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do buildings with soft stories need to be retrofitted, according to the National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering?

<p>Due to inadequate shear resistance or ductility during earthquakes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a soft story collapsing during an earthquake?

<p>Total failure of the overlying floors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of earthquake safety, why are shear walls or bracing added to soft stories during retrofitting?

<p>To provide additional shear resistance and ductility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes torsional forces to be induced into the building frame during an earthquake?

<p>Center of gravity twisting about the center of rigidity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the collapse of the second story in the Hotel Terminal during an earthquake?

<p>Torsional shear failure of the second-floor columns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were the lateral reinforcements (ties) in the columns of the Hotel Terminal insufficient during the earthquake?

<p>They were placed at inadequate spacing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the torsional rotation of the upper part of the building have on inter-story drift?

<p>Caused significant lateral displacement to the right (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example described, what was noted about the top and bottom sections of a collapsed column in Hotel Terminal?

<p>They were side-by-side after collapse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of lateral reinforcements (ties) in resisting shear forces during the earthquake?

<p>They were insufficient due to inadequate spacing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the Yerba Buena Island seismograph location and the Treasure Island seismograph location?

<p>Yerba Buena Island seismograph is on rock outcrop, while Treasure Island seismograph is under sandy soil and bay mud. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which site experienced a peak ground acceleration of 0.16g in the eastwest direction?

<p>Treasure Island (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many times greater was the peak ground acceleration at the soft clay site compared to the hard rock site?

<p>2.7 times (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributed to the damage of structures throughout the San Francisco Bay area?

<p>Amplification of peak ground acceleration by soft clay (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the Interstate 880 highway collapsed and was underlain by San Francisco Bay mud?

<p>Northern portion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the peak ground acceleration in the eastwest direction at Yerba Buena Island?

<p>$0.06g$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can create a soft story condition in a building?

<p>A discontinuity in the shear walls from one floor to another (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contribute to the resistance of single-family wood-frame structures to collapse during earthquakes?

<p>Their flexibility, strength, and light dead loads (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generally recognized about single-family wood-frame structures that include shear walls in their construction?

<p>They are very resistant to collapse from earthquake shaking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the resistance of wood-frame structures to collapse during earthquakes?

<p>There are exceptions to the general rule that wood-frame structures are resistant to collapse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to the resistance of wood-frame structures to collapse during earthquakes?

<p>Their heavy dead loads (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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