24 Questions
What is the substance that is dissolved in a solution called?
Solute
What does 'aq' represent in a chemical equation?
Aqueous solution
Which term refers to the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent?
Concentration
Which type of compounds will generally dissolve in water due to its polarity?
Ionic compounds
In chemistry, what do we call two liquids that do not dissolve in each other?
Immiscible
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a solution?
Particles form a precipitate
What happens to the solubility of solid substances in water as temperature increases?
It increases
Which factor can affect the rate at which a species dissolves?
Increasing particle size
In which type of solution can no more solute be dissolved?
Saturated solution
What happens to gas molecules when the temperature is increased according to the text?
They become less soluble
Which type of molecules surround positive and negative ions during the dissolving process?
Polar H2O molecules
What type of solution is at equilibrium and cannot dissolve any more solute?
Saturated solution
Is oil a polar compound or a non-polar compound?
Oil is non-polar because it does not mix with water.
How does temperature affect the solubility of solids?
Temperature increase increases solubility.
What effect does increasing pressure have on gas solubility?
Increasing pressure increases gas solubility.
How does surface area affect the rate of solubility?
Increasing surface area increases the rate of solubility.
Are non-polar solvents able to dissolve ionic solutes?
No, because they do not have the ability to interact with ions.
Why do gases tend to escape from solution as temperature increases?
Because increasing temperature decreases the kinetic energy of gas particles.
How does stirring affect the rate of dissolving?
Increases the rate of dissolving
What is the relationship between solute particles and freezing point depression/boiling point elevation?
Directly proportional
Which method involves separating substances based on differences in physical properties like boiling point?
Distillation
How does temperature generally affect the solubility of solid substances in a solvent?
Increases solubility
What does adding a solute to a solvent do to its freezing point?
Lowers it
In terms of boiling point elevation, which type of solute has the greatest effect?
Solute producing more ions in solution
Study Notes
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
- Polar molecules are asymmetrical, having poles, while nonpolar molecules are symmetrical with no poles.
Solubility Rules
- LiOH, Cu(NO3)2, AgCl2, MgS, NaS2, and KOH are all soluble (aq) in water.
- Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent.
Factors Affecting Solubility
- Increasing temperature generally increases solubility for solids, but decreases solubility for gases.
- Pressure affects the solubility of gases, with increasing pressure forcing more gas into solution.
- Type of solvent and solute also affects solubility, with polar solvents dissolving polar and ionic solutes, and non-polar solvents dissolving non-polar and covalent solutes.
Dissolving Process
- Polar H2O molecules surround positive and negative ions, breaking apart crystal lattices, and releasing energy.
- The dissolving process takes energy to break bonds, and energy is released during dissolving.
Saturated and Supersaturated Solutions
- A saturated solution is at equilibrium, where particles are dissolving and precipitating at the same rate.
- A supersaturated solution contains more solute than it can hold at a given temperature.
Factors Affecting Rate of Solubility
- Temperature affects the rate of solubility, with increasing temperature increasing kinetic energy and diffusion.
- Surface area and stirring also affect the rate of solubility, with larger surface areas and more agitation increasing the opportunity for interaction between solute and solvent.
Solutions and Concentration
- A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in the same physical state.
- The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent.
- Soluble substances dissolve in water, while insoluble substances do not.
Calculations and Properties of Solutions
- Molarity, gram per liter, and parts per million can be used to calculate the concentration of a solution.
- Freezing point depression and boiling point elevation occur when solutes are added to solvents, disrupting crystallization and evaporation.
Chromatography and Distillation
- Chromatography separates solutions into individual substances using differences in polarity.
- Distillation separates solutions into individual substances using differences in physical properties.
Learn about the factors that affect the rate of solubility in solutions, including properties of solutions, solutes, solvents, and concentration levels. Explore examples of homogeneous mixtures and understand the concept of solution in chemistry.
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