Topic 3, Chapter 3.2, Part 1:

Longer durations of ground shaking subject structures to prolonged stress, increasing the likelihood of collapse and resulting in more extensive damage.

The time of day affects people's activities and alertness. Earthquakes at night may lead to more casualties due to people being asleep and less able to quickly evacuate.

Higher population density concentrates more people and buildings in an area, leading to a greater number of potential casualties and infrastructure damage.

<p>Seismic waves slow down but increase in amplitude when traveling through soft soil, leading to more intense shaking and a higher risk of building collapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor construction increases the likelihood of building collapse, leading to more people trapped, injuries, and deaths due to the inability of structures to withstand seismic forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liquefaction causes saturated soil to lose its strength and behave like a liquid, leading buildings to sink or tilt, causing significant damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closer proximity to the epicenter means stronger seismic waves and more violent shaking, resulting in greater damage and a higher risk to people and buildings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Building codes specify minimum design and construction standards to ensure buildings can withstand seismic activity, reducing the risk of collapse and casualties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A $M_w$ 6.0 earthquake in a densely populated area with soft soil and poorly constructed buildings would likely result in a high disaster risk due to amplified shaking and structural collapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A community with high preparedness will have effective evacuation plans, well-trained emergency services, and earthquake-resistant infrastructure, leading to a quicker, more organized response; while a community with low preparedness will experience chaos, delays, and higher casualties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weather patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of earthquake-resistant design</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>City A, because earthquake-resistant designs reduce the vulnerability of buildings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhyolitic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liquefaction is when soil loses strength and stiffness and behaves like a liquid. Groundwater saturates the soil, and seismic shaking increases pore water pressure, reducing the effective stress between soil particles, leading to liquefaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>landslides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Area B, because the presence of groundwater increases pore water pressure during shaking, reducing soil strength. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Length of time ground shaking occurs; longer shaking causes more damage.

Influences people's alertness during an earthquake; affects evacuation speed.

Number of people per area, higher density increases disaster risk.

Soil type influences earthquake risks; softer soil amplifies shaking.

Quality of structures affects collapse likelihood during earthquakes.

Saturation of soil can cause it to behave like a liquid during shaking.

Proximity to earthquake epicenter increases damage potential.

Energy waves from earthquakes that cause ground shaking and damage.

Regulations to ensure safe building designs against earthquakes.

1995 earthquake caused significant damage due to time and density.

Factors like magnitude, depth, and type of earthquake that influence damage.

Characteristics of buildings that affect their earthquake resistance, including design and materials.

The population and assets at risk during an earthquake in a given area.

Shallow earthquakes typically cause more damage on the surface than deeper ones.

The combined effect of hazard nature, vulnerability, and exposure on earthquake damage.

Magma types affect volcanic eruption intensity and style.

Viscosity determines how easily magma flows and erupts.

Groundwater presence can increase earthquake damage through flooding.

Soil liquefaction causes solid ground to behave like a liquid during shaking.

Surface water can trigger secondary disasters like landslides after earthquakes.