Facies Modeling and Realization Techniques Quiz

Pixel-based methods and object-based methods

Deterministic methods, stochastic methods, and composite object modelling methods

Facies proportions

Facies proportions, intensity trends, etc

FPF, VPC, and size and shape of objects

Seismic data, azimuth directions, and facies proportions

Body correlation between wells, possibility to use shape of objects, and possibility to set object height limitation distance to channel by surfaces edges

Any discrete parameter

Facies Belts are used to model the different sedimentary facies that are characteristic of large scale deltaic belts, allowing for a more accurate representation of the geological heterogeneity within the system.

Facies Channels are used to model fluvial channels by representing the specific sedimentary facies associated with the channels, capturing the spatial distribution and variability of sediment types within the channel system.

Modeling mouthbars using Facies Composite allows for the representation of the complex sedimentary facies and structures associated with mouthbars, providing a detailed depiction of the deposition and evolution of these features within the deltaic system.

In the Turbidite Environment, turbidite objects are modeled using the backbone shape to capture the characteristic geometry and internal architecture of turbidite deposits, enhancing the realism and accuracy of the reservoir modeling process.

The main reservoir zones in the Ruby Field are: 1. An upper zone deposited in a coarse braided fluvial system, 2. An intermediate zone deposited in a shallow marine environment, and 3. A lower heterogeneous zone deposited in a deep-water turbidite environment.

The two lowest reservoir units in the Ruby Field are separated by a thick mud-rich slope sequence, indicating a distinct change in depositional environment and sedimentary characteristics.

The depth of the OWC in the upper shoreface unit of the Ruby Field is 2010 m.

The structure of the Sapphire field is a simple rotated fault block at a depth of around 2000 m. It contains two main reservoir zones bounded by two thick field-wide marine shales.

Facies Belts are used to define the geometry, depositional direction, and aggradation angle of different facies in reservoir grid modeling.

FPFs provide a probabilistic relation between facies types and seismic attribute values.

The General Exponential variogram is recommended for interfingering, with the option to adjust the exponent for a more cosmetic result.

The Stacking Angle (Ac) indicates the accommodation space relative to the sediment supply, providing information about the system's depositional characteristics.

The Trend algorithm equivalent to Kriging is used for a quick check on the geometry settings, even if well conditioning is toggled on.

The Proportions Mode with Trends option allows users to reproduce 1D or 3D facies proportions trends, maintaining the ordering of facies and reproducing specific seismic conditioning.

Users can use geological understanding together with well information and trial and error to determine XY ranges for interfingering.

Seismic data types, in combination with a bias facies log or parameter RMS, are used to estimate the FPFs.

The Proportions Mode is good for modeling lensoid shapes and ensures that the succession of facies is always honored.

The Simulation algorithm is used to produce interfingering when well conditioning is toggled on and to honor well data, providing a more detailed and accurate simulation.

A single data object stores information on the vertical trends for each facies for (optionally) each zone.

Shoreface, Carbonate reef, and Deltaic deposits are mentioned as potential applications for the Facies Belts.

This feature makes it suitable for mature fields.

Flexible trend incorporation in facies indicators allows for a wide variety of 1D, 2D, and 3D volume fraction trends as input.

The two main operating modes for modeling fluvial systems are 'Sandbody' mode and 'Multi-channel' mode.

Objects in facies composite include rectangle, axial ellipsoid, angular cone, and backbone, each offering a variant of the axial shape for user-defined shapes.

Examples of user-defined shapes in facies composite include channel types, turbidite lobes, wide spread shale barriers, and wave reworked mouthbars, each with specific detailed shape settings.

The typical detailed shape settings for user-defined shapes in facies composite include parameters such as center-line amplitude, width relative amplitude, and relative wavelength, offering flexibility and realism in conditioning widespread barriers.

Common mistakes in modeling channels include algorithms not suited for internal channel bodies and the use of object modeling algorithms to avoid bias at wells.

Seismic constraints in facies indicators can be incorporated through cosimulation and using seismic as a trend, such as Vshale map from seismic attributes.

RMS provides object-based methods for facies modeling, particularly for modeling complex channel systems in fluvial, tidal, and crevasse settings.

Vertical proportion curves are utilized as input for facies indicators, capturing trends such as upwards fining and the presence of coal at the top.

Facies composite in RMS allows for the definition of background and object facies, with advanced object-based multi-well conditioning and powerful trend control.

RMS offers pixel-based methods for facies modeling, allowing for the creation of flexible facies patterns and trends.

1D, 2D, or 3D trends for object sizes, orientation, volume fractions, and distribution control by seismic attributes.

The algorithm uses a reference point to position objects, with the default reference point at $0,0,0$ at the center of the object shape.

Volume fraction settings can be specified globally or locally to introduce trends.

Geometry settings include standard deviation of object size, height, and dip.

Simulation settings with varying $T0$ values can control variability in volume fraction during the simulation.

Facies realization merging can be used to create complex environments through hierarchical modeling and defining erosion rules.

RMS offers both pixel-based and object-based methods for facies modeling.

The pixel-based methods include the use of multipoint statistics (MPS) and training images to create realistic facies architectures in 3D reservoir models.

Object-based methods utilize a 3D grid layout, well data, and trend lines/surfaces for stochastic reservoir modeling during exploration and production stages.

The techniques provide flexibility, speed, and the ability to incorporate multiple sources of hard data such as well data, seismic, and trends.

The modeling exercises demonstrate the application of facies modeling in different geological environments, such as fluvial and shoreface/delta settings, with varying available data and geological characteristics.

Case studies illustrate the use of facies belts, channels, indicators, and composite techniques to model different facies distributions and environments.