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Questions and Answers
The facial skeleton includes the mandible and is from the back part of the skull.
The facial skeleton includes the mandible and is from the back part of the skull.
False (B)
Senile facial wrinkles align parallel to the line of pull of the underlying muscles.
Senile facial wrinkles align parallel to the line of pull of the underlying muscles.
False (B)
The muscles of facial expression originate embryologically from the second pharyngeal arch.
The muscles of facial expression originate embryologically from the second pharyngeal arch.
True (A)
The facial nerve is also known as the seventh cranial nerve.
The facial nerve is also known as the seventh cranial nerve.
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There is deep fascia present on the face.
There is deep fascia present on the face.
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Some facial muscles unable to affect expression are not supplied by the facial nerve.
Some facial muscles unable to affect expression are not supplied by the facial nerve.
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Tension lines in the facial skin tend to run from nose to mouth in a linear pattern.
Tension lines in the facial skin tend to run from nose to mouth in a linear pattern.
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The mandibular nerve has three branches: auriculotemporal, buccal, and mental.
The mandibular nerve has three branches: auriculotemporal, buccal, and mental.
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Herpes zoster commonly affects the mandibular nerve more frequently than the other two branches of the trigeminal nerve.
Herpes zoster commonly affects the mandibular nerve more frequently than the other two branches of the trigeminal nerve.
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The buccal nerve supplies a 'thumb print' area over the cheek below the zygomatic bone.
The buccal nerve supplies a 'thumb print' area over the cheek below the zygomatic bone.
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The external nasal nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve, supplies the middle of the external nose down to the tip.
The external nasal nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve, supplies the middle of the external nose down to the tip.
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The zygomaticus minor originates from the zygomaticomaxillary suture.
The zygomaticus minor originates from the zygomaticomaxillary suture.
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The zygomaticotemporal nerve supplies a small area over the temple that is typically 'hairless.'
The zygomaticotemporal nerve supplies a small area over the temple that is typically 'hairless.'
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The mentalis muscle lowers the skin of the chin and the center of the lower lip.
The mentalis muscle lowers the skin of the chin and the center of the lower lip.
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The transverse cervical nerve supplies proprioceptive innervation to the platysma muscle.
The transverse cervical nerve supplies proprioceptive innervation to the platysma muscle.
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The marginal mandibular nerve in more than half of cases travels below the mandible's angle.
The marginal mandibular nerve in more than half of cases travels below the mandible's angle.
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The facial nerve provides sensory innervation to the facial muscles.
The facial nerve provides sensory innervation to the facial muscles.
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The posterior auricular nerve, branching from the facial nerve, supplies the occipital belly of occipitofrontalis.
The posterior auricular nerve, branching from the facial nerve, supplies the occipital belly of occipitofrontalis.
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Temporal branches of the facial nerve supply the auricularis anterior and superior.
Temporal branches of the facial nerve supply the auricularis anterior and superior.
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Depressor labii inferioris muscle insertion is into the upper lip.
Depressor labii inferioris muscle insertion is into the upper lip.
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The facial nerve emerges from the cranial base through the inferomastoid foramen.
The facial nerve emerges from the cranial base through the inferomastoid foramen.
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The trigeminal nerve provides afferent innervation for all facial muscles.
The trigeminal nerve provides afferent innervation for all facial muscles.
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The orbicularis oculi comprises two parts, the palpebral part, and the orbital part, with the latter extending onto the face.
The orbicularis oculi comprises two parts, the palpebral part, and the orbital part, with the latter extending onto the face.
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The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi is responsible for depressing the nasal septum.
The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi is responsible for depressing the nasal septum.
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Contraction of the palpebral fibers of the orbicularis oculi closes the eyelids gently and stretches the lacrimal sac.
Contraction of the palpebral fibers of the orbicularis oculi closes the eyelids gently and stretches the lacrimal sac.
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The transverse part of nasalis, also known as the compressor naris, is responsible for dilating the nostrils.
The transverse part of nasalis, also known as the compressor naris, is responsible for dilating the nostrils.
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The orbicularis oris muscle consists solely of intrinsic fibers that are attached near the midline to the upper and lower jaws.
The orbicularis oris muscle consists solely of intrinsic fibers that are attached near the midline to the upper and lower jaws.
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The zygomatic and buccal branches of the facial nerve supply the muscles of the nostrils.
The zygomatic and buccal branches of the facial nerve supply the muscles of the nostrils.
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During 'screwing up the eyes,' the palpebral fibers of the orbicularis oculi are the only ones that contract.
During 'screwing up the eyes,' the palpebral fibers of the orbicularis oculi are the only ones that contract.
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Damage to the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve can cause drooping at the corner of the mouth.
Damage to the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve can cause drooping at the corner of the mouth.
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Levator palpebrae superioris is considered with the group of muscles responsible for dilation of the eyelids.
Levator palpebrae superioris is considered with the group of muscles responsible for dilation of the eyelids.
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The buccinator muscle arises from the mandible at the molar region.
The buccinator muscle arises from the mandible at the molar region.
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The buccinator muscle is penetrated by the parotid duct near the third upper molar.
The buccinator muscle is penetrated by the parotid duct near the third upper molar.
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The buccinator muscle is primarily responsible for moving the jaw during mastication.
The buccinator muscle is primarily responsible for moving the jaw during mastication.
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The pterygomandibular raphe attaches to the hamulus of the maxilla.
The pterygomandibular raphe attaches to the hamulus of the maxilla.
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The buccinator is pierced by proprioceptive filaments only.
The buccinator is pierced by proprioceptive filaments only.
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In blowing a trumpet, the elongated fibres of the cheeks contract.
In blowing a trumpet, the elongated fibres of the cheeks contract.
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The modiolus lies laterally to the angle of the mouth near the first upper premolar tooth.
The modiolus lies laterally to the angle of the mouth near the first upper premolar tooth.
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The buccinator muscle is considered a muscle of facial expression.
The buccinator muscle is considered a muscle of facial expression.
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The tendon of tensor palati passes through the gap in the bony origin of the buccinator.
The tendon of tensor palati passes through the gap in the bony origin of the buccinator.
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The lingual nerve grooves the mandible as it rests upon it.
The lingual nerve grooves the mandible as it rests upon it.
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Study Notes
Facial Anatomy
- Facial Skeleton: Forms the front part of the skull, including the mandible. Major openings include orbits, piriform aperture (anterior nasal opening), and oral aperture. Foramina (supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental) are in the same vertical plane.
Skin of the Face
- Tension Lines: Run in an "onion skin" pattern from mouth to ear.
- Senile Wrinkles: Form at right angles to underlying muscle pull (horizontal on brow, crow's feet laterally, vertical on lips). Incisions along these wrinkles heal with minimal scarring.
Muscles of Facial Expression
- Embryological Origin: Developed from the second pharyngeal arch, migrating to adult positions.
- Innervation: Supplied by the seventh cranial (facial) nerve.
- Specialized Panniculus Carnosus: Specialized form of the panniculus carnosus, attached in places to dermis, potentially creating wrinkles.
- No Deep Fascia: Lacking deep fascia on the face.
Functional Muscle Groups
- Control of Orifices: Organized around the eyes, nose, and mouth, with sphincters (closing) and dilators (opening).
- Facial Expressions: Varying expressions are side effects of the muscles' actions; humans are sensitive to these expressions.
- Non-expressive Muscles: Some muscles, while connected to the face, do not primarily contribute to expression (e.g., ocular muscles, tongue, levator palpebrae superioris). Underlying muscle structure does not entirely affect facial appearance because genetic expression of surrounding connective tissue plays a large role. Understanding these muscles based on their functional groupings (orifices) is key to remembering them.
Muscles of the Eyelids
- Orbicularis Oculi: Composed of palpebral (gentle eyelid closure) and orbital (forceful eyelid closure) parts.
- Palpebral Part: Originates from medial palpebral ligament, spanning across lids, inserted into lateral palpebral raphe. Some lower fibers attach to posterior lacrimal crest and lacrimal sac.
- Orbital Part: Originates from anterior lacrimal crest and frontal process of maxilla, encircling orbital margin in loops. Lies flat over forehead and cheek.
- Levator Palpebrae Superioris: Opponent of palpebral orbicularis oculi.
- Occipitofrontalis: Part of scalp (refer to scalp section).
Muscles of the Nostrils
- Nasalis: Transverse (compressor naris) and alar (dilator naris) parts, surround alar cartilages; arise from maxilla. Other muscles (procerus, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, depressor septi) can elevate and depress the nose.
Muscles of the Lips and Cheeks
- Orbicularis Oris: Sphincter of the mouth; composed of intrinsic (midline attachments) and extrinsic (from cheek muscles) fibers. Incisive and mental slips are deep fibres, securely attaching to the lips.
- Buccinator: Accessory muscle of mastication. Aids in managing food, pushing it towards the molars. The origin runs from the lateral aspects of mandible, opposite molars, extending to the pterygomandibular raphe (fibrous band). Pierced by the parotid duct opposite the third upper molar tooth.
- Dilator Muscles of Lips: Surround orbicularis oris, radiate outwards. Act in unison for widest lip opening
- Levator & Depressor Muscles: Flat sheets for lip elevation/depression, converging at the angle of the mouth. Individual muscles (levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris, zygomaticus minor, zygomaticus major, risorius, depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis) work together to provide a wide range of expressions.
Nerve Supply of Facial Muscles
- Facial Nerve (VII): Primarily supplies all described facial muscles, with no sensory fibers on the face.
- Proprioception: Proprioceptive information from facial muscles is conducted via trigeminal nerve. Skin areas supplied by trigeminal nerve branches also provide proprioceptive information to facial muscles.
Sensory Nerve Supply of the Face
- Trigeminal Nerve (V): Three divisions (ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular) provide cutaneous nerve supply to face in three zones. The zones meet at the eyelids and mouth corners.
- Individual Branches: Each division has specific branches (lacrimal, supraorbital, supratrochlear, infratrochlear, external nasal, infraorbital, zygomaticofacial, zygomaticotemporal, auriculotemporal, buccal, mental). The auriculotemporal, buccal, and mental are Mandibular branches, the others being Maxillary or Ophthalmic branches
Blood Supply of the Face
- Facial Artery: A major branch of the external carotid artery, supplies blood to the face, especially important are its labial branches to the upper and lower lips. The superficial temporal artery serves the temporal region.
- Venous Return: Predominantly superficial; supraorbital and supratrochlear veins form the angular vein, which merges into the facial vein. Facial vein joins with the retromandibular vein. Blood from temple areas is collected by the superficial temporal vein, flowing into the retromandibular vein, which joins the facial vein. Deep venous connections with the cavernous sinus are noted, defining the critical "danger areas."
Lymph Drainage of the Face
- Lymphatic Drainage: Drains to three superficial node groups: submental, submandibular, and preauricular. All eventually follow pathways to deep cervical lymph nodes.
Scalp (Part 7)
- (Refer to text) [Note: This section is not detailed in the summary but exists in the original text. Please supply the information contained in Part 7 if you want summary of that.]
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Description
Test your knowledge on the facial anatomy, including the facial skeleton, skin tension lines, and muscles of facial expression. This quiz covers structural and functional aspects of the face, as well as the embryological origins of facial muscles. Challenge yourself and deepen your understanding of facial anatomy!
