Urinary and reproductive PHYSIOLOGY

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What is the most important route of waste removal

Urination (correct)

Defecation

Digestion

Perspiration

Produces urine

Paired uterers

Paired kidneys (correct)

urinary bladder

Urethra

Transports urine to urinary bladder

urethra

loop of henle

ureters (correct)

proximal convoluted tubule

Collects and stores urine

Urinary bladder Signup and view all the answers

Transports urine out of the body

Urethra Signup and view all the answers

Why is erythropoietin important

Its a hormone needed for RBC production and some prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys produce some prostaglandins

True Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys help maintain homeostasis by manipulating _________________

The composition of blood plasma Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys ability to manipulate the composition of blood plasma helps to

Both A and C Signup and view all the answers

What are the substances kidneys help to get rid of that can become toxic if they build up

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic function of the kidney

They are all homeostatic functions of the kidney Signup and view all the answers

The amount of urine produced is controlled by _________

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Maintains fluid balance regulation

ADH and aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

In order to maintain acid-base balance regulation what ions must be removed from blood and excreted in urine

Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys have close association with the endocrine system, therefore they can influence the rate of release of some hormones, what are they

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

The kidney influences the release of ADH from the

Posterior pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

The mineralocorticoid secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland is

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Specialized cells in the kidneys produce

Both B AND C Signup and view all the answers

There are 3 MAIN mechanisms of renal waste elimination, what are they

Filtration of blood, reabsorption of useful substances, secretion of waste products Signup and view all the answers

Filtration of blood occurs in the

Renal corpuscle Signup and view all the answers

The fluid that is filtered out of blood is called

Glomerular filtrate Signup and view all the answers

The glomerular capillaries have which forces plasma out of the capillaries into the ____

high blood pressure, capsular space of the Bowmans caosule Signup and view all the answers

The transfer of plasma out of the glomerular capillaries is aided by _________

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Both blood cells and plasma proteins are too to __

big, pass through the fenestrations in the capillary endothelium Signup and view all the answers

Too big to pass through the capillary endothelium

Blood cells and plasma proteins Signup and view all the answers

The presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine is used as

An indicator of glomerular damage Signup and view all the answers

How fast blood plasma is filtered as it passes through the glumerolus is termed ___________--

Glomerular filtration rate Signup and view all the answers

What is GFR dependent on

Rate of blood flow to the kidney Signup and view all the answers

Approximately ______ of the plasma is removed from the blood circulation every minute

25% Signup and view all the answers

_______ reduces the volume of glomerular filtrate (urine) produced

Reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

Glomerular filtrate contains waste products BUT __________

It also contains products the body needs to maintain homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Reabsorption occurs from the into the __

tubules of the nephron, peritubular capillaries Signup and view all the answers

Glomerular filtrate leaves bowmans capsule and enters the , now the filtrate is called _

Proximal convoluted tubule, tubular filtrate Signup and view all the answers

Approximately ____ of reabsorption occurs in the PCT

65% Signup and view all the answers

80% of _________ is reabsorbed

Both B and C Signup and view all the answers

100% of _____ are reabsorbed

Glucose and amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Reabsorption occurs via

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

"hitch a ride" on the same carrier protein and are transported into PCT epithelial cells. This is called _

Glucose and amino acids, passively, sodium cotransport Signup and view all the answers

Reabsorption of _ takes place in the ___- via simple diffusion

Potassium, PCT, ascending loop of Henle, and DCT Signup and view all the answers

___ reabsorption takes place in _ via unknown mechanisms that involve _

Calcium, PCT, ascending loop of Henle, and DCT; Vit D, PTH and Calcitonin Signup and view all the answers

__________- is reabsorbed from _ and the collecting duct and is increased by ____

Magnesium, PCT, ascending loop of Henle; PTH Signup and view all the answers

Most secretion takes place in

The DCT Signup and view all the answers

_________________ are eliminated by secretion in the DCT

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Urine volume is determine by _____________________ when it reaches the renal pelvis

the amount of water in the tubular filtrate Signup and view all the answers

ADH acts on the _____________ to promote water reabsorption

DCT and collecting ducts Signup and view all the answers

Without ADH water will not be reabsorbed which will cause increased urine volume, termed _________

Polyuria Signup and view all the answers

What causes an osmotic imbalance that results in water flowing back into the bloodstream along with sodium

Increased reabsorption of sodium in the DCT and collecting ducts due to Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Aldosterone increases reabsorption of in the and back into the blood

sodium, DCT, collecting ducts Signup and view all the answers

Expulsion of urine from urinary bladder into urethra for elimination from the body is termed =

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Reabsorption of sodium requires

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

For any substance to be reabsorbed it must

All of the Above Signup and view all the answers

As glomerular filtrate enters the PCT ____ attaches to a carrier molecule in the tubular filtrate (_) and is transported passively into the _____ of the PCT epithelial cells

Sodium, facilitated diffusion, cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Sodium reabsorption occurs in the PCT, but additional reabsorption also occurs in the

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

_____ passively follows sodium to balance out the in the interstitium caused by the sodium ions being pumped into the interstitial fluid

Chloride, positive charge, positive Signup and view all the answers

After sodium cotransport, sodium is actively ___________ and it enters the peritubular capillaries

Pumped out of the cell into the interstitial fluid Signup and view all the answers

Sodium ions are usually exchanged for _____ that are then secreted into the tubular filtrate. This occurs under the influence of ?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Increases reabsorption of sodium in the DCT and collecting ducts back into the blood

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

If the _ of glomerular capillaries is damaged ___ can leak into the glomerular filtrate

Endothelium, proteins and blood cells Signup and view all the answers

If the endothelium of glomerular capillaries is damaged proteins and blood cells can leak into the glomerular filtrate. __________ they will show up and they will show up as abnormal constituents of the urine

Because there isn't a mechanism to reabsorb them Signup and view all the answers

Ureters exit the kidney at the hilus and enter the bladder _____ at an oblique angle

Near the neck of the bladder Signup and view all the answers

Urinary bladder

Collects and stores urine as it is produced and releases it from the body Signup and view all the answers

Fullness of urinary bladder is detected by _________

Stretch receptors in bladder wall Signup and view all the answers

When the trigger point is reached, is activated and returns a motor impulse and the smooth muscle of the wall . This is responsible for the sensation of having to urinate

A spinal reflex, contracts Signup and view all the answers

__ control of the muscular sphincter around the _ leads to temporary control of urination

Voluntary, neck of the bladder Signup and view all the answers

Continuation of the neck of bladder runs through the pelvic canal to the outside of the body through the __ in males and the _ in females

Penis, vestibule of the vulva Signup and view all the answers

Transports spermatozoa and accessory reproductive gland secretions in male

Urethra Signup and view all the answers

Cell division

Ensures that each animal has a unique genetic makeup Signup and view all the answers

Animals may look alike but unless they are _______- they are not the same

Both Signup and view all the answers

Contain the genetic material (blue print) for all the structures and functions in the body

Chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

Where are chromosomes located

Within coiled masses of DNA in the cells nucleus Signup and view all the answers

For the body to function correctly

All cells must have identical genetic information except the eggs and sperm Signup and view all the answers

Fertilization

Spermatozoan penetrating into the cytoplasm of an ovum Signup and view all the answers

Diploid chromosome number

Chromosomes occur in pairs, so the diploid number is always an even number (2n) Signup and view all the answers

The diploid chromosome number is

The same for every individual within a species Signup and view all the answers

Sex chromosomes

One of the pairs of chromosomes that make up the diploid chromosome number contains the sex chromosome Signup and view all the answers

XX

Female Signup and view all the answers

XY

Male Signup and view all the answers

As a cell divides by __ the total number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is by half of the numbers that the parent had

Meiosis, reduced Signup and view all the answers

Most of the cells divide by a process called

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

_______ results in each daughter cell having an identical, full diploid set of chromosomes

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

When the reproductive cells divide by _________ the chromosomes do not produce duplicate copies of themselves before the cells pull apart

Meiosis Signup and view all the answers

_______ of the total chromosomes, including _ sex chromosome/s randomly goes to each daughter cell before the cell divides

Half, one Signup and view all the answers

Half of the sperm cells produced have an X chromosome and a Y chromosome

True Signup and view all the answers

Ova are produced in

The developing follicles in the ovaries Signup and view all the answers

Production of ova involves a _______________ events under the influence of two hormones

Complex sequence of cyclical (repeating) events Signup and view all the answers

Production of ova involves a complex sequence of cyclical events under the influence of which hormones

FSH and LH Signup and view all the answers

Rupture of the mature follicle with release of the oocyte (ova)

Ovulation Signup and view all the answers

The oocyte is called a _________ after release into the uterine tube

Mature ovum Signup and view all the answers

Ovulation occurs spontaneously due to rising ____ levels

LH Signup and view all the answers

Example of induced ovulator/s

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

In induced ovulators, breeding must take place _______ to stimulate ovulation

First Signup and view all the answers

Endocrine signal must be sent from _____ to maintain the _

Ovum to ovary, CL Signup and view all the answers

Designed to get the ovum and spermatozoa together in the right place at the right time

Estrous cycle Signup and view all the answers

Estrous cycle is controlled by the hormone/s

FSH and LH Signup and view all the answers

Breeding takes place during a ___________ within the reproductive cycle when the chance of a successful pregnancy is the highest

Definite period Signup and view all the answers

Detaches easily

Both A and C Signup and view all the answers

Loosely attached and detaches easily

Diffuse Signup and view all the answers

Life support system for the developing embryo/fetus

Placenta Signup and view all the answers

Placenta

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Contains blood vessels and the urachus

Umbilical cord Signup and view all the answers

In some places the placenta actually attaches to the uterus (_____)

Exchange of nutrients and waste occurs here Signup and view all the answers

Consists of layers of soft membranes that form two fluid filled sacs

Placenta Signup and view all the answers

Match

The study of the development of the embryo = Embryology The male or female germ cell, sperm or ova = Gamete The stage during which the major organs are forming = Embryo The fertilized ovum = Zygote Signup and view all the answers

Match

Embryo = The stage at which the major organs are forming Fetus = The stage at which formation of the major internal and external structures is complete until the time of parturition Conceptus = The embryo or fetus, the extra embryonic membranes and the placenta Neonate = A newborn animal Signup and view all the answers

Trimesters

1 = Period of the embryo 2 = Fetal development and differentiation 3 = Fetal growth <ul> <li>= -</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Gestation is divided into

Trimesters Signup and view all the answers

Stages of labor

Uterine contractions = Cervical dilation, dam appears uncomfortable; nest building Delivery of the newborn = Combo of strong uterine and abdominal muscle contractions; dam lies down->starts straining; "water breaks" Delivery of the placenta = Weak contractions <ul> <li>= -</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

In multiparous species the second and third stages of parturition intermix with one another

True Signup and view all the answers

When it is time for parturition a series of events lead to the ovary to stop producing ________

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

When it is time for parturition a series of events lead to the ovary to stop producing progesterone, leading to a massive decline in the damn

True Signup and view all the answers

When it is time for parturition a series of events lead to the ovary to stop producing progesterone, leading to a massive increase in the damn

False Signup and view all the answers

When it is time for parturition adrenal glucorticoids in fetus and in dams estrogen level and release of __ from uterine wall

increase, stimulate rise, PGF2 Signup and view all the answers

Estrogen and prostaglandins _ the sensitivity of the myometrium to the released from the dams posterior pituitary gland which causes _ and ultimately, labor

Increase, oxytocin, uterine contractions Signup and view all the answers

Produces colostrum

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Only females produce milk due to hormones secreted

True Signup and view all the answers

When nursing or milking begins, sensory nerve impulses are sent to the brain specifically the _ and stimulates the _

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

Hormones involved in lactation

Prolactin, growth hormone, adrenal cortical hormones Signup and view all the answers

The ___ and _ of mammary glands are the first step in making them able to produce milk

Physical growth, development Signup and view all the answers

Number of mammary glands in the horse

2 Signup and view all the answers

Mammary glands of the sheep and goat

2 Signup and view all the answers

Mammary glands of the swine

14 Signup and view all the answers

Mammary glands of the cow

4 Signup and view all the answers

There is a variety in the number of openings from which milk flows from the nipples or teats

True Signup and view all the answers

There is no variety in the number of openings from which milk flows from the nipples or teats, they are all uniform

False Signup and view all the answers

stimulates cells around the alveoli and small ducts of mammary glands to __, which is what squeezes the milk down in the ducts

Oxytocin, myoepithelial, contract Signup and view all the answers

Urinary and reproductive PHYSIOLOGY

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Questions and Answers

What is the most important route of waste removal

Produces urine

Transports urine to urinary bladder

Collects and stores urine

Transports urine out of the body

Why is erythropoietin important

The kidneys produce some prostaglandins

The kidneys help maintain homeostasis by manipulating _________________

The kidneys ability to manipulate the composition of blood plasma helps to

What are the substances kidneys help to get rid of that can become toxic if they build up

Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic function of the kidney

The amount of urine produced is controlled by _________

Maintains fluid balance regulation

In order to maintain acid-base balance regulation what ions must be removed from blood and excreted in urine

The kidneys have close association with the endocrine system, therefore they can influence the rate of release of some hormones, what are they

The kidney influences the release of ADH from the

The mineralocorticoid secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland is

Specialized cells in the kidneys produce

There are 3 MAIN mechanisms of renal waste elimination, what are they

Filtration of blood occurs in the

The fluid that is filtered out of blood is called

The glomerular capillaries have ____________ which forces plasma out of the capillaries into the ________________

The transfer of plasma out of the glomerular capillaries is aided by _________

Both blood cells and plasma proteins are too ________ to __________

Too big to pass through the capillary endothelium

The presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine is used as

How fast blood plasma is filtered as it passes through the glumerolus is termed ___________--

What is GFR dependent on

Approximately ______ of the plasma is removed from the blood circulation every minute

_______ reduces the volume of glomerular filtrate (urine) produced

Glomerular filtrate contains waste products BUT __________

Reabsorption occurs from the ____ into the ______

Glomerular filtrate leaves bowmans capsule and enters the ________, now the filtrate is called _________

Approximately ____ of reabsorption occurs in the PCT

80% of _________ is reabsorbed

100% of _____ are reabsorbed

Reabsorption occurs via

____________ "hitch a ride" on the same carrier protein and are ________ transported into PCT epithelial cells. This is called _____________

Reabsorption of _________ takes place in the ___________- via simple diffusion

_________ reabsorption takes place in ___________ via unknown mechanisms that involve _____

____________- is reabsorbed from _____ and the collecting duct and is increased by ______

Most secretion takes place in

_________________ are eliminated by secretion in the DCT

Urine volume is determine by _____________________ when it reaches the renal pelvis

ADH acts on the _____________ to promote water reabsorption

Without ADH water will not be reabsorbed which will cause increased urine volume, termed _________

What causes an osmotic imbalance that results in water flowing back into the bloodstream along with sodium

Aldosterone increases reabsorption of ____ in the ____ and ____ back into the blood

Expulsion of urine from urinary bladder into urethra for elimination from the body is termed =

Reabsorption of sodium requires

For any substance to be reabsorbed it must

As glomerular filtrate enters the PCT ______ attaches to a carrier molecule in the tubular filtrate (___) and is transported passively into the _____ of the PCT epithelial cells

Sodium reabsorption occurs in the PCT, but additional reabsorption also occurs in the

___________ passively follows sodium to balance out the ________ in the interstitium caused by the ______ sodium ions being pumped into the interstitial fluid

After sodium cotransport, sodium is actively ___________ and it enters the peritubular capillaries

Sodium ions are usually exchanged for _____ that are then secreted into the tubular filtrate. This occurs under the influence of ?

Increases reabsorption of sodium in the DCT and collecting ducts back into the blood

If the ___________ of glomerular capillaries is damaged _____________ can leak into the glomerular filtrate

If the endothelium of glomerular capillaries is damaged proteins and blood cells can leak into the glomerular filtrate. __________ they will show up and they will show up as abnormal constituents of the urine

Ureters exit the kidney at the hilus and enter the bladder _____ at an oblique angle

Urinary bladder

Fullness of urinary bladder is detected by _________

When the trigger point is reached, ______ is activated and returns a motor impulse and the smooth muscle of the wall ______. This is responsible for the sensation of having to urinate

__________ control of the muscular sphincter around the _________ leads to temporary control of urination

Continuation of the neck of bladder runs through the pelvic canal to the outside of the body through the __________ in males and the _________ in females

Transports spermatozoa and accessory reproductive gland secretions in male

Cell division

Animals may look alike but unless they are _______- they are not the same

Contain the genetic material (blue print) for all the structures and functions in the body

Where are chromosomes located

For the body to function correctly

Fertilization

Diploid chromosome number

The diploid chromosome number is

Sex chromosomes

XX

The glomerular capillaries have which forces plasma out of the capillaries into the ____

Both blood cells and plasma proteins are too to __

Reabsorption occurs from the into the __

Glomerular filtrate leaves bowmans capsule and enters the , now the filtrate is called _

"hitch a ride" on the same carrier protein and are transported into PCT epithelial cells. This is called _

Reabsorption of _ takes place in the ___- via simple diffusion

___ reabsorption takes place in _ via unknown mechanisms that involve _

__________- is reabsorbed from _ and the collecting duct and is increased by ____

Aldosterone increases reabsorption of in the and back into the blood

As glomerular filtrate enters the PCT ____ attaches to a carrier molecule in the tubular filtrate (_) and is transported passively into the _____ of the PCT epithelial cells

_____ passively follows sodium to balance out the in the interstitium caused by the sodium ions being pumped into the interstitial fluid

If the _ of glomerular capillaries is damaged ___ can leak into the glomerular filtrate

When the trigger point is reached, is activated and returns a motor impulse and the smooth muscle of the wall . This is responsible for the sensation of having to urinate

__ control of the muscular sphincter around the _ leads to temporary control of urination

Continuation of the neck of bladder runs through the pelvic canal to the outside of the body through the __ in males and the _ in females

As a cell divides by __ the total number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is by half of the numbers that the parent had

_______ of the total chromosomes, including _ sex chromosome/s randomly goes to each daughter cell before the cell divides

Endocrine signal must be sent from _____ to maintain the _

When it is time for parturition adrenal glucorticoids in fetus and in dams estrogen level and release of __ from uterine wall

Estrogen and prostaglandins _ the sensitivity of the myometrium to the released from the dams posterior pituitary gland which causes _ and ultimately, labor

When nursing or milking begins, sensory nerve impulses are sent to the brain specifically the _ and stimulates the _

The ___ and _ of mammary glands are the first step in making them able to produce milk

stimulates cells around the alveoli and small ducts of mammary glands to __, which is what squeezes the milk down in the ducts