Urinary and reproductive PHYSIOLOGY
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Questions and Answers

What is the most important route of waste removal

  • Urination (correct)
  • Defecation
  • Digestion
  • Perspiration

    • Produces urine

  • Paired uterers
  • Paired kidneys (correct)
  • urinary bladder
  • Urethra

    • Transports urine to urinary bladder

  • urethra
  • loop of henle
  • ureters (correct)
  • proximal convoluted tubule

    • Collects and stores urine

    <p>Urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transports urine out of the body

    <p>Urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is erythropoietin important

    <p>Its a hormone needed for RBC production and some prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys produce some prostaglandins

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys help maintain homeostasis by manipulating _________________

    <p>The composition of blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys ability to manipulate the composition of blood plasma helps to

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the substances kidneys help to get rid of that can become toxic if they build up

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic function of the kidney

    <p>They are all homeostatic functions of the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amount of urine produced is controlled by _________

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maintains fluid balance regulation

    <p>ADH and aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In order to maintain acid-base balance regulation what ions must be removed from blood and excreted in urine

    <p>Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys have close association with the endocrine system, therefore they can influence the rate of release of some hormones, what are they

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidney influences the release of ADH from the

    <p>Posterior pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mineralocorticoid secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland is

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specialized cells in the kidneys produce

    <p>Both B AND C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are 3 MAIN mechanisms of renal waste elimination, what are they

    <p>Filtration of blood, reabsorption of useful substances, secretion of waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Filtration of blood occurs in the

    <p>Renal corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fluid that is filtered out of blood is called

    <p>Glomerular filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glomerular capillaries have ____________ which forces plasma out of the capillaries into the ________________

    <p>high blood pressure, capsular space of the Bowmans caosule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The transfer of plasma out of the glomerular capillaries is aided by _________

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both blood cells and plasma proteins are too ________ to __________

    <p>big, pass through the fenestrations in the capillary endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Too big to pass through the capillary endothelium

    <p>Blood cells and plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine is used as

    <p>An indicator of glomerular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How fast blood plasma is filtered as it passes through the glumerolus is termed ___________--

    <p>Glomerular filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is GFR dependent on

    <p>Rate of blood flow to the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately ______ of the plasma is removed from the blood circulation every minute

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ reduces the volume of glomerular filtrate (urine) produced

    <p>Reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glomerular filtrate contains waste products BUT __________

    <p>It also contains products the body needs to maintain homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reabsorption occurs from the ____ into the ______

    <p>tubules of the nephron, peritubular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glomerular filtrate leaves bowmans capsule and enters the ________, now the filtrate is called _________

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule, tubular filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately ____ of reabsorption occurs in the PCT

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    80% of _________ is reabsorbed

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    100% of _____ are reabsorbed

    <p>Glucose and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reabsorption occurs via

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____________ "hitch a ride" on the same carrier protein and are ________ transported into PCT epithelial cells. This is called _____________

    <p>Glucose and amino acids, passively, sodium cotransport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reabsorption of _________ takes place in the ___________- via simple diffusion

    <p>Potassium, PCT, ascending loop of Henle, and DCT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ reabsorption takes place in ___________ via unknown mechanisms that involve _____

    <p>Calcium, PCT, ascending loop of Henle, and DCT; Vit D, PTH and Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____________- is reabsorbed from _____ and the collecting duct and is increased by ______

    <p>Magnesium, PCT, ascending loop of Henle; PTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most secretion takes place in

    <p>The DCT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________________ are eliminated by secretion in the DCT

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urine volume is determine by _____________________ when it reaches the renal pelvis

    <p>the amount of water in the tubular filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADH acts on the _____________ to promote water reabsorption

    <p>DCT and collecting ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Without ADH water will not be reabsorbed which will cause increased urine volume, termed _________

    <p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes an osmotic imbalance that results in water flowing back into the bloodstream along with sodium

    <p>Increased reabsorption of sodium in the DCT and collecting ducts due to Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aldosterone increases reabsorption of ____ in the ____ and ____ back into the blood

    <p>sodium, DCT, collecting ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Expulsion of urine from urinary bladder into urethra for elimination from the body is termed =

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reabsorption of sodium requires

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For any substance to be reabsorbed it must

    <p>All of the Above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As glomerular filtrate enters the PCT ______ attaches to a carrier molecule in the tubular filtrate (___) and is transported passively into the _____ of the PCT epithelial cells

    <p>Sodium, facilitated diffusion, cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium reabsorption occurs in the PCT, but additional reabsorption also occurs in the

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ passively follows sodium to balance out the ________ in the interstitium caused by the ______ sodium ions being pumped into the interstitial fluid

    <p>Chloride, positive charge, positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After sodium cotransport, sodium is actively ___________ and it enters the peritubular capillaries

    <p>Pumped out of the cell into the interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium ions are usually exchanged for _____ that are then secreted into the tubular filtrate. This occurs under the influence of ?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increases reabsorption of sodium in the DCT and collecting ducts back into the blood

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the ___________ of glomerular capillaries is damaged _____________ can leak into the glomerular filtrate

    <p>Endothelium, proteins and blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the endothelium of glomerular capillaries is damaged proteins and blood cells can leak into the glomerular filtrate. __________ they will show up and they will show up as abnormal constituents of the urine

    <p>Because there isn't a mechanism to reabsorb them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ureters exit the kidney at the hilus and enter the bladder _____ at an oblique angle

    <p>Near the neck of the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urinary bladder

    <p>Collects and stores urine as it is produced and releases it from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fullness of urinary bladder is detected by _________

    <p>Stretch receptors in bladder wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the trigger point is reached, ______ is activated and returns a motor impulse and the smooth muscle of the wall ______. This is responsible for the sensation of having to urinate

    <p>A spinal reflex, contracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ control of the muscular sphincter around the _________ leads to temporary control of urination

    <p>Voluntary, neck of the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Continuation of the neck of bladder runs through the pelvic canal to the outside of the body through the __________ in males and the _________ in females

    <p>Penis, vestibule of the vulva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transports spermatozoa and accessory reproductive gland secretions in male

    <p>Urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell division

    <p>Ensures that each animal has a unique genetic makeup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animals may look alike but unless they are _______- they are not the same

    <p>Both</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contain the genetic material (blue print) for all the structures and functions in the body

    <p>Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are chromosomes located

    <p>Within coiled masses of DNA in the cells nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the body to function correctly

    <p>All cells must have identical genetic information except the eggs and sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fertilization

    <p>Spermatozoan penetrating into the cytoplasm of an ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diploid chromosome number

    <p>Chromosomes occur in pairs, so the diploid number is always an even number (2n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diploid chromosome number is

    <p>The same for every individual within a species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sex chromosomes

    <p>One of the pairs of chromosomes that make up the diploid chromosome number contains the sex chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    XX

    <p>Female</p> Signup and view all the answers

    XY

    <p>Male</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As a cell divides by ________ the total number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is ______ by half of the numbers that the parent had

    <p>Meiosis, reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most of the cells divide by a process called

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ results in each daughter cell having an identical, full diploid set of chromosomes

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the reproductive cells divide by _________ the chromosomes do not produce duplicate copies of themselves before the cells pull apart

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ of the total chromosomes, including _____ sex chromosome/s randomly goes to each daughter cell before the cell divides

    <p>Half, one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Half of the sperm cells produced have an X chromosome and a Y chromosome

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ova are produced in

    <p>The developing follicles in the ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Production of ova involves a _______________ events under the influence of two hormones

    <p>Complex sequence of cyclical (repeating) events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Production of ova involves a complex sequence of cyclical events under the influence of which hormones

    <p>FSH and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rupture of the mature follicle with release of the oocyte (ova)

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The oocyte is called a _________ after release into the uterine tube

    <p>Mature ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ovulation occurs spontaneously due to rising ____ levels

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Example of induced ovulator/s

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In induced ovulators, breeding must take place _______ to stimulate ovulation

    <p>First</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endocrine signal must be sent from _______ to maintain the ___

    <p>Ovum to ovary, CL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Designed to get the ovum and spermatozoa together in the right place at the right time

    <p>Estrous cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estrous cycle is controlled by the hormone/s

    <p>FSH and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Breeding takes place during a ___________ within the reproductive cycle when the chance of a successful pregnancy is the highest

    <p>Definite period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Detaches easily

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Loosely attached and detaches easily

    <p>Diffuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Life support system for the developing embryo/fetus

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Placenta

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contains blood vessels and the urachus

    <p>Umbilical cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In some places the placenta actually attaches to the uterus (_____)

    <p>Exchange of nutrients and waste occurs here</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consists of layers of soft membranes that form two fluid filled sacs

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match

    <p>The study of the development of the embryo = Embryology The male or female germ cell, sperm or ova = Gamete The stage during which the major organs are forming = Embryo The fertilized ovum = Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match

    <p>Embryo = The stage at which the major organs are forming Fetus = The stage at which formation of the major internal and external structures is complete until the time of parturition Conceptus = The embryo or fetus, the extra embryonic membranes and the placenta Neonate = A newborn animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trimesters

    <p>1 = Period of the embryo 2 = Fetal development and differentiation 3 = Fetal growth</p> <ul> <li>= -</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    Gestation is divided into

    <p>Trimesters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stages of labor

    <p>Uterine contractions = Cervical dilation, dam appears uncomfortable; nest building Delivery of the newborn = Combo of strong uterine and abdominal muscle contractions; dam lies down-&gt;starts straining; &quot;water breaks&quot; Delivery of the placenta = Weak contractions</p> <ul> <li>= -</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    In multiparous species the second and third stages of parturition intermix with one another

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When it is time for parturition a series of events lead to the ovary to stop producing ________

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When it is time for parturition a series of events lead to the ovary to stop producing progesterone, leading to a massive decline in the damn

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When it is time for parturition a series of events lead to the ovary to stop producing progesterone, leading to a massive increase in the damn

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When it is time for parturition adrenal glucorticoids ______ in fetus and __________ in dams estrogen level and release of ______ from uterine wall

    <p>increase, stimulate rise, PGF2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estrogen and prostaglandins _____ the sensitivity of the myometrium to the ________ released from the dams posterior pituitary gland which causes _____ and ultimately, labor

    <p>Increase, oxytocin, uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Produces colostrum

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only females produce milk due to hormones secreted

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When nursing or milking begins, sensory nerve impulses are sent to the brain specifically the _________ and stimulates the _________

    <p>Hypothalamus, pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones involved in lactation

    <p>Prolactin, growth hormone, adrenal cortical hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____________ and ___________ of mammary glands are the first step in making them able to produce milk

    <p>Physical growth, development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Number of mammary glands in the horse

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mammary glands of the sheep and goat

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mammary glands of the swine

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mammary glands of the cow

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is a variety in the number of openings from which milk flows from the nipples or teats

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is no variety in the number of openings from which milk flows from the nipples or teats, they are all uniform

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ stimulates ______ cells around the alveoli and small ducts of mammary glands to ______, which is what squeezes the milk down in the ducts

    <p>Oxytocin, myoepithelial, contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

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