Urinary and reproductive PHYSIOLOGY

What is the most important route of waste removal

Urination

Produces urine

Paired kidneys

Transports urine to urinary bladder

ureters

Collects and stores urine

Urinary bladder

Transports urine out of the body

Urethra

Why is erythropoietin important

Its a hormone needed for RBC production and some prostaglandins

The kidneys produce some prostaglandins

True

The kidneys help maintain homeostasis by manipulating _________________

The composition of blood plasma

The kidneys ability to manipulate the composition of blood plasma helps to

Both A and C

What are the substances kidneys help to get rid of that can become toxic if they build up

Both A and B

Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic function of the kidney

They are all homeostatic functions of the kidney

The amount of urine produced is controlled by _________

Both A and B

Maintains fluid balance regulation

ADH and aldosterone

In order to maintain acid-base balance regulation what ions must be removed from blood and excreted in urine

Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions

The kidneys have close association with the endocrine system, therefore they can influence the rate of release of some hormones, what are they

Both A and B

The kidney influences the release of ADH from the

Posterior pituitary gland

The mineralocorticoid secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland is

Aldosterone

Specialized cells in the kidneys produce

Both B AND C

There are 3 MAIN mechanisms of renal waste elimination, what are they

Filtration of blood, reabsorption of useful substances, secretion of waste products

Filtration of blood occurs in the

Renal corpuscle

The fluid that is filtered out of blood is called

Glomerular filtrate

The glomerular capillaries have which forces plasma out of the capillaries into the ____

high blood pressure, capsular space of the Bowmans caosule

The transfer of plasma out of the glomerular capillaries is aided by _________

Both A and B

Both blood cells and plasma proteins are too to __

big, pass through the fenestrations in the capillary endothelium

Too big to pass through the capillary endothelium

Blood cells and plasma proteins

The presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine is used as

An indicator of glomerular damage

How fast blood plasma is filtered as it passes through the glumerolus is termed ___________--

Glomerular filtration rate

What is GFR dependent on

Rate of blood flow to the kidney

Approximately ______ of the plasma is removed from the blood circulation every minute

25%

_______ reduces the volume of glomerular filtrate (urine) produced

Reabsorption

Glomerular filtrate contains waste products BUT __________

It also contains products the body needs to maintain homeostasis

Reabsorption occurs from the into the __

tubules of the nephron, peritubular capillaries

Glomerular filtrate leaves bowmans capsule and enters the , now the filtrate is called _

Proximal convoluted tubule, tubular filtrate

Approximately ____ of reabsorption occurs in the PCT

65%

80% of _________ is reabsorbed

Both B and C

100% of _____ are reabsorbed

Glucose and amino acids

Reabsorption occurs via

All of the above

"hitch a ride" on the same carrier protein and are transported into PCT epithelial cells. This is called _

Glucose and amino acids, passively, sodium cotransport

Reabsorption of _ takes place in the ___- via simple diffusion

Potassium, PCT, ascending loop of Henle, and DCT

___ reabsorption takes place in _ via unknown mechanisms that involve _

Calcium, PCT, ascending loop of Henle, and DCT; Vit D, PTH and Calcitonin

__________- is reabsorbed from _ and the collecting duct and is increased by ____

Magnesium, PCT, ascending loop of Henle; PTH

Most secretion takes place in

The DCT

_________________ are eliminated by secretion in the DCT

All of the above

Urine volume is determine by _____________________ when it reaches the renal pelvis

the amount of water in the tubular filtrate

ADH acts on the _____________ to promote water reabsorption

DCT and collecting ducts

Without ADH water will not be reabsorbed which will cause increased urine volume, termed _________

Polyuria

What causes an osmotic imbalance that results in water flowing back into the bloodstream along with sodium

Increased reabsorption of sodium in the DCT and collecting ducts due to Aldosterone

Aldosterone increases reabsorption of in the and back into the blood

sodium, DCT, collecting ducts

Expulsion of urine from urinary bladder into urethra for elimination from the body is termed =

Both A and B

Reabsorption of sodium requires

Both A and B

For any substance to be reabsorbed it must

All of the Above

As glomerular filtrate enters the PCT ____ attaches to a carrier molecule in the tubular filtrate (_) and is transported passively into the _____ of the PCT epithelial cells

Sodium, facilitated diffusion, cytoplasm

Sodium reabsorption occurs in the PCT, but additional reabsorption also occurs in the

Both A and B

_____ passively follows sodium to balance out the in the interstitium caused by the sodium ions being pumped into the interstitial fluid

Chloride, positive charge, positive

After sodium cotransport, sodium is actively ___________ and it enters the peritubular capillaries

Pumped out of the cell into the interstitial fluid

Sodium ions are usually exchanged for _____ that are then secreted into the tubular filtrate. This occurs under the influence of ?

All of the above

Increases reabsorption of sodium in the DCT and collecting ducts back into the blood

Aldosterone

If the _ of glomerular capillaries is damaged ___ can leak into the glomerular filtrate

Endothelium, proteins and blood cells

If the endothelium of glomerular capillaries is damaged proteins and blood cells can leak into the glomerular filtrate. __________ they will show up and they will show up as abnormal constituents of the urine

Because there isn't a mechanism to reabsorb them

Ureters exit the kidney at the hilus and enter the bladder _____ at an oblique angle

Near the neck of the bladder

Urinary bladder

Collects and stores urine as it is produced and releases it from the body

Fullness of urinary bladder is detected by _________

Stretch receptors in bladder wall

When the trigger point is reached, is activated and returns a motor impulse and the smooth muscle of the wall . This is responsible for the sensation of having to urinate

A spinal reflex, contracts

__ control of the muscular sphincter around the _ leads to temporary control of urination

Voluntary, neck of the bladder

Continuation of the neck of bladder runs through the pelvic canal to the outside of the body through the __ in males and the _ in females

Penis, vestibule of the vulva

Transports spermatozoa and accessory reproductive gland secretions in male

Urethra

Cell division

Ensures that each animal has a unique genetic makeup

Animals may look alike but unless they are _______- they are not the same

Both

Contain the genetic material (blue print) for all the structures and functions in the body

Chromosomes

Where are chromosomes located

Within coiled masses of DNA in the cells nucleus

For the body to function correctly

All cells must have identical genetic information except the eggs and sperm

Fertilization

Spermatozoan penetrating into the cytoplasm of an ovum

Diploid chromosome number

Chromosomes occur in pairs, so the diploid number is always an even number (2n)

The diploid chromosome number is

The same for every individual within a species

Sex chromosomes

One of the pairs of chromosomes that make up the diploid chromosome number contains the sex chromosome

XX

Female

XY

Male

As a cell divides by __ the total number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is by half of the numbers that the parent had

Meiosis, reduced

Most of the cells divide by a process called

Mitosis

_______ results in each daughter cell having an identical, full diploid set of chromosomes

Mitosis

When the reproductive cells divide by _________ the chromosomes do not produce duplicate copies of themselves before the cells pull apart

Meiosis

_______ of the total chromosomes, including _ sex chromosome/s randomly goes to each daughter cell before the cell divides

Half, one

Half of the sperm cells produced have an X chromosome and a Y chromosome

True

Ova are produced in

The developing follicles in the ovaries

Production of ova involves a _______________ events under the influence of two hormones

Complex sequence of cyclical (repeating) events

Production of ova involves a complex sequence of cyclical events under the influence of which hormones

FSH and LH

Rupture of the mature follicle with release of the oocyte (ova)

Ovulation

The oocyte is called a _________ after release into the uterine tube

Mature ovum

Ovulation occurs spontaneously due to rising ____ levels

LH

Example of induced ovulator/s

All of the above

In induced ovulators, breeding must take place _______ to stimulate ovulation

First

Endocrine signal must be sent from _____ to maintain the _

Ovum to ovary, CL

Designed to get the ovum and spermatozoa together in the right place at the right time

Estrous cycle

Estrous cycle is controlled by the hormone/s

FSH and LH

Breeding takes place during a ___________ within the reproductive cycle when the chance of a successful pregnancy is the highest

Definite period

Detaches easily

Both A and C

Loosely attached and detaches easily

Diffuse

Life support system for the developing embryo/fetus

Placenta

Both A and B

Contains blood vessels and the urachus

Umbilical cord

In some places the placenta actually attaches to the uterus (_____)

Exchange of nutrients and waste occurs here

Consists of layers of soft membranes that form two fluid filled sacs

Placenta

Match

The study of the development of the embryo = Embryology The male or female germ cell, sperm or ova = Gamete The stage during which the major organs are forming = Embryo The fertilized ovum = Zygote

Match

Embryo = The stage at which the major organs are forming Fetus = The stage at which formation of the major internal and external structures is complete until the time of parturition Conceptus = The embryo or fetus, the extra embryonic membranes and the placenta Neonate = A newborn animal

Trimesters

1 = Period of the embryo 2 = Fetal development and differentiation 3 = Fetal growth

= -

Gestation is divided into

Trimesters

Stages of labor

Uterine contractions = Cervical dilation, dam appears uncomfortable; nest building Delivery of the newborn = Combo of strong uterine and abdominal muscle contractions; dam lies down->starts straining; "water breaks" Delivery of the placenta = Weak contractions

= -

In multiparous species the second and third stages of parturition intermix with one another

True

When it is time for parturition a series of events lead to the ovary to stop producing ________

Progesterone

When it is time for parturition a series of events lead to the ovary to stop producing progesterone, leading to a massive decline in the damn

True

When it is time for parturition a series of events lead to the ovary to stop producing progesterone, leading to a massive increase in the damn

False

When it is time for parturition adrenal glucorticoids in fetus and in dams estrogen level and release of __ from uterine wall

increase, stimulate rise, PGF2

Estrogen and prostaglandins _ the sensitivity of the myometrium to the released from the dams posterior pituitary gland which causes _ and ultimately, labor

Increase, oxytocin, uterine contractions

Produces colostrum

Both A and B

Only females produce milk due to hormones secreted

True

When nursing or milking begins, sensory nerve impulses are sent to the brain specifically the _ and stimulates the _

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland

Hormones involved in lactation

Prolactin, growth hormone, adrenal cortical hormones

The ___ and _ of mammary glands are the first step in making them able to produce milk

Physical growth, development

Number of mammary glands in the horse

2

Mammary glands of the sheep and goat

2

Mammary glands of the swine

14

Mammary glands of the cow

4

There is a variety in the number of openings from which milk flows from the nipples or teats

True

There is no variety in the number of openings from which milk flows from the nipples or teats, they are all uniform

False

stimulates cells around the alveoli and small ducts of mammary glands to __, which is what squeezes the milk down in the ducts

Oxytocin, myoepithelial, contract

Urinary and reproductive PHYSIOLOGY

125 Questions

What is the most important route of waste removal

Produces urine

Transports urine to urinary bladder

Collects and stores urine

Transports urine out of the body

Why is erythropoietin important

The kidneys produce some prostaglandins

The kidneys help maintain homeostasis by manipulating _________________

The kidneys ability to manipulate the composition of blood plasma helps to

What are the substances kidneys help to get rid of that can become toxic if they build up

Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic function of the kidney

The amount of urine produced is controlled by _________

Maintains fluid balance regulation

In order to maintain acid-base balance regulation what ions must be removed from blood and excreted in urine

The kidneys have close association with the endocrine system, therefore they can influence the rate of release of some hormones, what are they

The kidney influences the release of ADH from the

The mineralocorticoid secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland is

Specialized cells in the kidneys produce

There are 3 MAIN mechanisms of renal waste elimination, what are they

Filtration of blood occurs in the

The fluid that is filtered out of blood is called

The glomerular capillaries have ____________ which forces plasma out of the capillaries into the ________________

The transfer of plasma out of the glomerular capillaries is aided by _________

Both blood cells and plasma proteins are too ________ to __________

Too big to pass through the capillary endothelium

The presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine is used as

How fast blood plasma is filtered as it passes through the glumerolus is termed ___________--

What is GFR dependent on

Approximately ______ of the plasma is removed from the blood circulation every minute

_______ reduces the volume of glomerular filtrate (urine) produced

Glomerular filtrate contains waste products BUT __________

Reabsorption occurs from the ____ into the ______

Glomerular filtrate leaves bowmans capsule and enters the ________, now the filtrate is called _________

Approximately ____ of reabsorption occurs in the PCT

80% of _________ is reabsorbed

100% of _____ are reabsorbed

Reabsorption occurs via

____________ "hitch a ride" on the same carrier protein and are ________ transported into PCT epithelial cells. This is called _____________

Reabsorption of _________ takes place in the ___________- via simple diffusion

_________ reabsorption takes place in ___________ via unknown mechanisms that involve _____

____________- is reabsorbed from _____ and the collecting duct and is increased by ______

Most secretion takes place in

_________________ are eliminated by secretion in the DCT

Urine volume is determine by _____________________ when it reaches the renal pelvis

ADH acts on the _____________ to promote water reabsorption

Without ADH water will not be reabsorbed which will cause increased urine volume, termed _________

What causes an osmotic imbalance that results in water flowing back into the bloodstream along with sodium

Aldosterone increases reabsorption of ____ in the ____ and ____ back into the blood

Expulsion of urine from urinary bladder into urethra for elimination from the body is termed =

Reabsorption of sodium requires

For any substance to be reabsorbed it must

As glomerular filtrate enters the PCT ______ attaches to a carrier molecule in the tubular filtrate (___) and is transported passively into the _____ of the PCT epithelial cells

Sodium reabsorption occurs in the PCT, but additional reabsorption also occurs in the

___________ passively follows sodium to balance out the ________ in the interstitium caused by the ______ sodium ions being pumped into the interstitial fluid

After sodium cotransport, sodium is actively ___________ and it enters the peritubular capillaries

Sodium ions are usually exchanged for _____ that are then secreted into the tubular filtrate. This occurs under the influence of ?

Increases reabsorption of sodium in the DCT and collecting ducts back into the blood

If the ___________ of glomerular capillaries is damaged _____________ can leak into the glomerular filtrate

If the endothelium of glomerular capillaries is damaged proteins and blood cells can leak into the glomerular filtrate. __________ they will show up and they will show up as abnormal constituents of the urine

Ureters exit the kidney at the hilus and enter the bladder _____ at an oblique angle

Urinary bladder

Fullness of urinary bladder is detected by _________

When the trigger point is reached, ______ is activated and returns a motor impulse and the smooth muscle of the wall ______. This is responsible for the sensation of having to urinate

__________ control of the muscular sphincter around the _________ leads to temporary control of urination

Continuation of the neck of bladder runs through the pelvic canal to the outside of the body through the __________ in males and the _________ in females

Transports spermatozoa and accessory reproductive gland secretions in male

Cell division

Animals may look alike but unless they are _______- they are not the same

Contain the genetic material (blue print) for all the structures and functions in the body

Where are chromosomes located

For the body to function correctly

Fertilization

Diploid chromosome number

The diploid chromosome number is

Sex chromosomes

XX

XY

As a cell divides by ________ the total number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is ______ by half of the numbers that the parent had

The glomerular capillaries have which forces plasma out of the capillaries into the ____

Both blood cells and plasma proteins are too to __

Reabsorption occurs from the into the __

Glomerular filtrate leaves bowmans capsule and enters the , now the filtrate is called _

"hitch a ride" on the same carrier protein and are transported into PCT epithelial cells. This is called _

Reabsorption of _ takes place in the ___- via simple diffusion

___ reabsorption takes place in _ via unknown mechanisms that involve _

__________- is reabsorbed from _ and the collecting duct and is increased by ____

Aldosterone increases reabsorption of in the and back into the blood

As glomerular filtrate enters the PCT ____ attaches to a carrier molecule in the tubular filtrate (_) and is transported passively into the _____ of the PCT epithelial cells

_____ passively follows sodium to balance out the in the interstitium caused by the sodium ions being pumped into the interstitial fluid

If the _ of glomerular capillaries is damaged ___ can leak into the glomerular filtrate

When the trigger point is reached, is activated and returns a motor impulse and the smooth muscle of the wall . This is responsible for the sensation of having to urinate

__ control of the muscular sphincter around the _ leads to temporary control of urination

Continuation of the neck of bladder runs through the pelvic canal to the outside of the body through the __ in males and the _ in females

As a cell divides by __ the total number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is by half of the numbers that the parent had

_______ of the total chromosomes, including _ sex chromosome/s randomly goes to each daughter cell before the cell divides

Endocrine signal must be sent from _____ to maintain the _

When it is time for parturition adrenal glucorticoids in fetus and in dams estrogen level and release of __ from uterine wall

Estrogen and prostaglandins _ the sensitivity of the myometrium to the released from the dams posterior pituitary gland which causes _ and ultimately, labor

When nursing or milking begins, sensory nerve impulses are sent to the brain specifically the _ and stimulates the _

The ___ and _ of mammary glands are the first step in making them able to produce milk

stimulates cells around the alveoli and small ducts of mammary glands to __, which is what squeezes the milk down in the ducts