Eyewitness Testimony and Memory

The ______ refers to the phenomenon where a person's memory of an event is changed by misleading information introduced after the event.

The ______ occurs when an individual remembers a fact or event but incorrectly attributes the source of that memory.

The ______ describes a situation where a witness's attention is primarily drawn to a weapon during a crime, which reduces their ability to remember other details.

Compared to showups, ______ generally lead to more accurate identifications when conducted fairly using double-blind procedures and sequential presentation.

Showups are more likely to result in false identifications due to their inherent ______, as the witness is only presented with a single suspect.

Eyewitness confidence is most likely to correlate with accuracy when the identification is made during ______ and under high-quality viewing conditions.

Suggestive feedback can artificially inflate a witness's confidence, making their certainty in the identification ______ related to the actual accuracy of their memory.

A long delay between the event and the identification can weaken the relationship between a witness's confidence and the accuracy of their identification because memories can ______ over time.

Using ______ lineups, where neither the administrator nor the witness knows who the suspect is, is one way to improve eyewitness accuracy during identification procedures.

Presenting lineup members ______, rather than all at once, can improve eyewitness accuracy by reducing the likelihood of relative judgments.

To avoid skewing a witness's identification, law enforcement should provide ______ that do not lead the witness to believe the suspect is definitely in the lineup.

Conducting ______ can compromise eyewitness accuracy, as witnesses may conform their identification to previous choices.

A ______ involves asking open-ended questions to encourage witnesses to recall details without being prompted or led, thereby improving the completeness and accuracy of their accounts.

To ensure the accuracy of eyewitness identifications, each lineup should feature ______ at a time, preventing the witness from being overwhelmed and pressured.

Lineups should be constructed so that the suspect ______ among the fillers, ensuring that the identification is based on memory rather than superficial characteristics.

To maintain objectivity, a ______ should be used, preventing lineup administrators from influencing or signaling the witness either intentionally or unintentionally.

In the case of Manson vs. Braitwaite (1977), the Supreme Court outlined five criteria to evaluate the ______ of eyewitness testimony.

One of the Manson criteria considers the witness's ______ to view the suspect during the event, as a longer and clearer view typically leads to more accurate memories.

Another of the Manson criteria is the witness's ______ during the event, as focused attention increases the likelihood of encoding accurate details into memory.

The ______ of the witness's prior description of the suspect is a key factor in determining the reliability of their identification.