Eye and ENT Pathology

Name the transparent, dome-shaped anterior portion of the eye through which light initially enters.

Identify the clear membrane covering the surface of the eye and inner eyelids.

What is the name of the fluid-filled space located behind the cornea?

Name the specialized layer at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells.

What are the two main types of photoreceptor cells found in the retina, and what type of vision is each primarily responsible for?

Describe the histological composition of the sclera.

List the five layers of the cornea from superficial to deep.

What is the main cell type found in the corneal stroma?

Define keratitis and state why it's considered an ophthalmological emergency.

Name two common viral pathogens that cause infectious keratitis.

Describe the typical presentation of HSV keratitis upon fluorescein staining.

What is a hypopyon, and what does its presence in keratitis suggest?

List three risk factors for developing keratitis.

Outline the initial treatment for bacterial keratitis in contact lens wearers.

What is the leading cause of blindness worldwide associated with parasitic keratitis?

Define glaucoma in terms of changes to the visual field and optic nerve.

Describe the difference between open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma in terms of aqueous humor outflow.

List two risk factors for glaucoma unrelated to ocular pressure.

What is glaukomflecken, and in which type of glaucoma is it typically observed?

Name two classes of medications used to reduce aqueous humor production in glaucoma management.

Explain the principle behind laser trabeculoplasty for open-angle glaucoma.

What is the primary anatomical location of uveal melanomas?

What is the most common site of metastasis for uveal melanomas?

Name one oncogene commonly mutated in uveal melanomas.

Describe two prognostic factors for choroidal and ciliary body melanomas.

What are the two main cell types found in uveal melanomas, and which is associated with a worse prognosis?

Define arteriovenous nicking and in which retinal vascular disease is it typically observed?

What are cotton wool spots and what do they represent pathologically?

How does diabetic retinopathy typically differ from hypertensive retinopathy in terms of arteriovenous nicking and copper/silver wiring?

Describe the fundoscopic appearance of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), including the cherry red spot.

What is amaurosis fugax and what underlying condition might it indicate?

Differentiate between wet and dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) based on the presence of neovascularization.

What are drusen, and in which form of AMD are they typically found?

What is leukocoria, and why is it a critical sign in retinoblastoma?

Describe Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes, a characteristic histological feature of retinoblastoma.

What is meant by 'enucleation' in the treatment of retinoblastoma?

What is the most common cause of acquired cataracts?

Describe the appearance of a nuclear cataract.

What is leukocoria's significance in congenital cataracts?

Define pterygium and describe its typical macroscopic appearance.

List three key microscopic features of a pterygium.

Define cholesteatoma and differentiate between congenital and acquired types.

List three key microscopic components of a cholesteatoma.

What is the normal type of epithelium found in the middle ear, and why is squamous epithelium considered abnormal?

Describe the typical macroscopic appearance of a cholesteatoma during otological examination.

Name three common salivary gland tumors, indicating which are benign and which are malignant, as mentioned in the text.

Why are pleomorphic adenomas also called 'mixed tumors'?

Describe the typical clinical presentation of pleomorphic adenomas.

What is the primary treatment for pleomorphic adenomas and why?

List two locations other than the parotid gland where pleomorphic adenomas can arise.

Describe the typical patient demographics for Warthin's tumor in terms of age and sex, and mention a strong risk factor.

Describe the gross appearance of Warthin's tumor upon transection.

List two key histological features of Warthin's tumor.

Describe the typical clinical presentation of mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

What are the three main cell types composing mucoepidermoid carcinoma?

How does mucoepidermoid carcinoma differ in growth rate and circumscription compared to benign salivary gland tumors?

What is a branchial cleft cyst and where is it typically located in the neck?

Why do branchial cleft cysts often become noticeable after an upper respiratory tract infection?

How does a thyroglossal duct cyst differ from a branchial cleft cyst in terms of movement upon swallowing?

Describe the embryological origin of thyroglossal duct cysts.

Why do thyroglossal duct cysts move upon tongue protrusion?

Define keratitis.

Name two common risk factors for developing keratitis.

What is a typical symptom of keratitis?

Describe the appearance of HSV keratitis when stained with fluorescein.

List three broad categories of causes of keratitis.

What is the leading cause of blindness worldwide related to parasitic keratitis?

What is the primary aim of treatment for bacterial keratitis in contact lens wearers?

Define glaucoma in terms of visual field and optic nerve changes.

Name two major risk factors for developing glaucoma.

Differentiate between open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma in terms of aqueous humor outflow.

List three symptoms characteristic of acute angle-closure glaucoma.

What is the purpose of tonometry in glaucoma diagnosis?

Explain the mechanism of action of prostaglandin analogues in treating glaucoma.

What surgical procedure is typically the first-line treatment for acute angle-closure glaucoma after initial medical stabilization?

Briefly describe uveal melanoma.

Name the three anatomical parts of the uvea.

List two prognostic factors for uveal melanoma.

What genetic mutations are most commonly associated with uveal melanoma?

Describe the microscopic appearance of spindle B cells in uveal melanoma.

Explain the 'cherry red spot' seen in central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO).

List two fundoscopic signs of hypertensive retinopathy.

What is arteriovenous nicking in hypertensive retinopathy?

How does diabetic retinopathy typically differ from hypertensive retinopathy in fundoscopic examination?

Define amaurosis fugax.

Describe the two main types of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

What is leukocoria and why is it significant in retinoblastoma?

What is meant by 'enucleation' in the context of retinoblastoma treatment?

Describe Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes, a key histological feature of retinoblastoma.

Name three types of acquired cataracts based on lens location.

What is Pterygium and what is its key macroscopic characteristic?

What is the main risk factor for developing pterygium?

Describe cholesteatoma in the context of the middle ear.

What are the three key microscopic components of cholesteatoma?

List three key pathological features of pleomorphic adenoma.

What is the most appropriate treatment for pleomorphic adenoma and why?

Describe the typical microscopic appearance of Warthin's tumor.

What is a strong risk factor associated with Warthin's tumor development?

Contrast mucoepidermoid carcinoma with benign salivary gland tumors in terms of growth rate.

Name three cell types found in mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

Describe the typical clinical presentation of branchial cleft cysts.

How do thyroglossal duct cysts differ from branchial cleft cysts in terms of movement during swallowing?

What is the embryological origin of thyroglossal duct cysts?

Why is surgical excision of branchial cleft cysts considered 'high risk'?