Eye Anatomy and Sensory Receptors
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly pairs a structure of the eye with its primary function?

  • Sclera: refracts light entering the eye.
  • Cornea: provides nutrients to the lens and cornea.
  • Retina: drains aqueous humor from the eye.
  • Iris: controls the amount of light reaching the retina. (correct)

If the scleral venous sinus were to become blocked, what would be the most likely consequence?

  • Increased risk of glaucoma due to fluid build-up. (correct)
  • Decreased intraocular pressure.
  • Increased nutrient supply to the retina.
  • Clouding of the lens.

Which of the following correctly traces the flow of aqueous humor through the eye?

  • Ciliary processes → anterior chamber → scleral venous sinus. (correct)
  • Choroid → posterior chamber → scleral venous sinus.
  • Retina → anterior chamber → ciliary processes.
  • Scleral venous sinus → posterior chamber → ciliary processes.

Damage to the fovea centralis would most directly affect:

<p>Detailed color vision. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the eye is correctly matched with its tissue type?

<p>Choroid: Heavily pigmented vascular layer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary component that refracts light in the eye?

<p>Sclera (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vitreous humor within the eye?

<p>To maintain the shape of the eyeball. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the neural and pigmented layers of the retina interact to support vision?

<p>The pigmented layer absorbs excess light to prevent scattering, while the neural layer contains the photoreceptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of interoceptors?

<p>To monitor and detect changes within the body, such as blood pressure and pH levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is primarily responsible for detecting deep pressure in the dermis?

<p>Lamellar corpuscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of muscle spindles?

<p>Monitoring muscle length and changes in length to aid in proprioception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following receptors is primarily associated with the sensation of pain?

<p>Free nerve endings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are tactile corpuscles typically located, and what sensation do they primarily detect?

<p>In the dermal papillae; light touch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the corneal reflex?

<p>Involuntary blinking in response to corneal stimulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the density of receptive fields affect sensory acuity?

<p>Higher density leads to greater acuity, allowing for more precise localization of stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pupillary light reflex?

<p>The constriction of the pupil in response to light. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the efferent pathway of the patellar reflex?

<p>Femoral nerve to the quadriceps femoris muscle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the calcaneal tendon reflex, which nerve serves as the afferent pathway?

<p>Tibial nerve. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors, when introduced during patellar reflex testing, would most likely increase the excitatory level of the spinal cord?

<p>Simultaneous muscle activity in a non-related body area. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During patellar reflex testing, a subject concentrates on solving an arithmetic problem. What does a change in the reflex response indicate?

<p>Brain activity can modify the patellar reflex. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To which division of the autonomic nervous system does the ciliospinal reflex belong?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The salivary reflex is primarily controlled by which division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Parasympathetic nervous system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What protective function does the pupillary light reflex serve?

<p>Preventing damage to the retina from excessive light. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary protective aspect of the corneal reflex?

<p>Removing foreign particles from the eye's surface. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure vibrates at the same frequency as the sound waves that enter the ear?

<p>Tympanic membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the combined role of the malleus, incus, and stapes?

<p>To amplify and transmit vibrations to the inner ear (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid is found within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear?

<p>Endolymph (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?

<p>To equalize air pressure in the middle ear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the otoliths located and what is their primary function?

<p>Maculae of the utricle and saccule; detection of linear acceleration and head position (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hair cells of the spiral organ rest upon which structure?

<p>Basilar Membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the round window play in the function of the inner ear?

<p>It provides an exit point for pressure waves in the cochlea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cupula within the crista ampullaris?

<p>To detect angular acceleration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial structure that vibrates in response to sound waves entering the ear?

<p>Tympanic membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Through which structure are vibrations transmitted immediately after the tympanic membrane?

<p>Auditory Ossicles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contains hair cells that are stimulated by vibrations and fluid currents within the ear?

<p>Spiral organ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the basilar membrane contribute to the ability to differentiate sounds of varying pitches?

<p>Different segments vibrate maximally at different frequencies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does endolymph play in activating receptors within the semicircular ducts when the head undergoes angular motion?

<p>It remains stationary, causing the cupula to bend due to inertia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do otoliths contribute to the perception of static equilibrium and head position?

<p>Their movement due to gravity pulls on hair cells, signaling head position. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gelatinous membrane overlying the hair cells of the spiral organ?

<p>Tectorial membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of structures involved in transmitting vibrations, starting from the tympanic membrane?

<p>Tympanic membrane → auditory ossicles → oval window → cochlea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor MOST likely accounts for a noticeable difference in auditory acuity between an individual's two ears?

<p>Unequal exposure to loud noises or a history of ear infections affecting one ear more than the other. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a sound localization experiment, sounds presented at which location would be MOST difficult to pinpoint and why?

<p>Directly overhead because the interaural time and intensity differences are minimal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a frequency experiment with tuning forks, the tuning fork that is MOST difficult to hear likely vibrates at:

<p>A very high or very low frequency, outside the range of optimal human hearing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Weber test, if a tuning fork placed on the forehead is heard louder in one ear than the other, this indicates:

<p>Conduction deafness in the ear where the sound is perceived louder or sensorineural deafness in the opposite ear. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is MOST likely to result in conduction deafness?

<p>Fusion of the ossicles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is MOST likely to result in sensorineural deafness?

<p>Lesion on the cochlear nerve. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Rinne test compares hearing via air conduction vs. bone conduction. Normal hearing is BEST indicated when:

<p>Sound is heard longer via air conduction than bone conduction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Barany test, why does a subject experience the sensation of continued rotation immediately after being stopped from spinning?

<p>The cupula within the semicircular canals remains deflected due to fluid inertia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pupillary Light Reflex

Tests the sensory and motor pathways involving cranial nerves. It involves the constriction of the pupils in response to light.

Corneal Reflex

Tests the sensory and motor pathways involving cranial nerves by touching the cornea to elicit a blink reflex

Interoceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to stimuli arising within the body.

Exteroceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to stimuli arising outside the body.

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Epithelial Tactile Complex

A touch receptor in the deepest layer of the epidermis.

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Lamellar Corpuscles

A deep pressure receptor located in the dermis.

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Free Nerve Endings

Pain receptors.

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Receptive Field

An area in which a sensory receptor can detect a stimulus.

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Aqueous humor

Fluid that fills the front part of the eye.

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Sclera

The white part of the eye; a tough outer layer.

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Optic disc

Area on the retina lacking photoreceptors; the blind spot.

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Ciliary body

Part of the choroid that contains the ciliary muscle, which controls lens shape.

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Scleral venous sinus

Drains aqueous humor from the eye, regulating intraocular pressure.

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Retina

The layer of the eye containing rods and cones.

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Vitreous humor

Substance occupying the posterior segment of the eyeball; maintains shape.

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Fovea centralis

Area of critical focusing and detailed color vision.

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Patellar Reflex Arc Components

The patellar reflex arc involves the femoral nerve (afferent and efferent), muscle spindle receptor in the quadriceps, the spinal cord integration center, and the quadriceps muscle as the effector.

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Calcaneal Tendon Reflex Arc Components

The calcaneal tendon reflex arc includes the tibial nerve (afferent and efferent), muscle spindle receptor in the gastrocnemius/soleus, the spinal cord integration center, and the gastrocnemius/soleus muscles as the effector.

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Effect of Mental Distraction on Reflexes

Mental distraction increases the excitatory level of the spinal cord by reducing inhibitory input, making the reflex response more pronounced.

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Effect of Fatigue on Reflexes

Fatigue decreases the excitatory level of muscles because it reduces their ability to respond effectively to nerve stimulation.

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Brain's Influence on Patellar Reflex

Changes in the patellar reflex during mental concentration indicate that brain activity can modify the reflex, suggesting higher-level control.

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Ciliospinal Reflex Division

The ciliospinal reflex is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.

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Salivary & Pupillary Light Reflex Division

Both the salivary & pupillary light reflexes are controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.

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Protective Aspects of Reflexes

The pupillary light reflex protects the eyes from excessive light, the crossed-extensor reflex helps maintain balance during withdrawal from a painful stimulus, and the corneal reflex protects the eyes from foreign objects.

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Ossicles

Small bones in the middle ear that transmit vibrations.

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Endolymph

Fluid within the membranous labyrinth of the ear.

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Incus (anvil)

One of the ossicles; also known as the anvil.

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Malleus (hammer)

One of the ossicles; also known as the hammer.

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Otoliths

Crystals of calcium carbonate in the maculae, important for sensing gravity and linear acceleration.

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Pharyngotympanic tube

Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx, equalizing pressure.

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Stapes (stirrup)

One of the ossicles; also known as the stirrup.

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Tectorial membrane

Gelatinous structure that covers hair cells of the crista ampullaris, involved in sensing rotational movement.

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Tympanic Membrane

Also known as the eardrum, it vibrates in response to sound waves.

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Scala Tympani

The fluid-filled lower duct of the cochlea that transmits pressure variations.

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Utricle

A chamber of the vestibular system containing a macula that detects changes in horizontal acceleration.

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Sound Vibration Pathway

Tympanic membrane → Malleus → Incus → Stapes → Oval window → Cochlea → Hair cells.

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Basilar Membrane and Pitch

The basilar membrane vibrates at different locations depending on sound frequency. High-frequency sounds vibrate the base, while low-frequency sounds vibrate the apex.

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Endolymph Role in Motion

During angular motion, endolymph in the semicircular ducts lags behind, pushing on the cupula and activating hair cells, signaling the direction of head movement.

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Otoliths and Head Position

Otoliths shift in response to gravity, bending hair cells in the maculae and signaling head position relative to gravity.

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Causes of varied ear acuity?

Unequal ear acuity may arise from factors, such as earwax blockage, infections, noise exposure, genetics, or age-related hearing loss.

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Sound localization blind spots?

Sound localization is least accurate directly in front, above, or behind because the ears receive similar intensity and timing cues.

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Hardest tuning fork to hear?

The tuning fork most difficult to hear indicates the range of frequencies a person struggles to perceive, often higher frequencies are first to go.

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Weber test sound origin?

In the Weber test, sound should be center. When one ear is plugged, sound lateralizes to plugged ear due to reduced ambient noise.

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Types of hearing loss

Conduction deafness arises from issues in the outer or middle ear. Sensorineural from inner.

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Rinne test: air vs. bone?

Air conduction is more indicative of normal hearing because sound waves should naturally travel through the air to the eardrum.

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Post-rotational sensation cause?

After stopping from rotation, the fluid in the semicircular canals continues to move, creating a false sensation of ongoing rotation.

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Examples of conduction and sensorineural deafness

Conduction deafness can result from otitis media, or impacted cerumen. Sensorineural deafness can result from lesions on the cochlear nerve

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Study Notes

  • Exercise 21 is on human reflex physiology.
  • Exercise 22 is on general sensation
  • Exercise 23 is on special senses: Anatomy of the visual system
  • Exercise 25 is on special senses: Hearing and equilibrium

The Reflex Arc

  • Reflex testing is important in routine physical examination.
  • It allows the nervous system to be assessed.

Somatic and Autonomic Reflexes

  • Somatic reflexes a, h and i
  • Stretch reflexes are e and d.
  • Superficial reflexes are a, b, and g.
  • Autonomic reflexes include g and a.
  • Three somatic spinal reflexes mediated by the spinal cord: crossed extensor reflex, patellar reflex, and calcaneal tendon.
  • A stretch reflex can be elicited in a singly pithed animal.

Reflex Arc Pathway

  • Patellar Reflex: Quadricep muscles send afferent fibers through the femoral nerve to the spinal cord, then efferent fibers from the femoral nerve stimulate the quadriceps muscle.
  • Proprioceptors in the gastrocnemius muscle send afferent fibers.
  • Three factors influence reflexes: mental distraction, simultaneous muscle activity, fatigue.
  • Mental concentration increases the patellar reflex.
  • Fatigue can modify it.

Autonomic Nervous System

  • Pupillary reflex isn't involved with the brain.
  • Sympathetic division controls the pupillary light reflex.
  • Corneal reflex helps protect the eye against harmful light.

General Sensory Receptors Notes

  • Receptive field varies in touch receptor density across the body.
  • The fingertip is more sensitive to touch.
  • The back of the hand is less sensitive to touch
  • An advantage of pain receptors being sensitive to all vigorous stimuli is protection
  • The nonadaptability of pain receptors is important for ongoing awareness of potential harm.

Anatomy of the Eye

  • Accessory eye structures help form lacrimal fluid (tears) and lubricate the eyeball:
  • Conjunctiva produces mucus.
  • Caruncle produces a whitish, oily secretion.
  • Lacrimal glands produce a saline solution that contains lysozyme.
  • Tarsal glands are wrapped in adipose tissue inside the eyelid and creates whitish oily secreation.
  • Ciliary glands produce sweat.
  • Adipose tissue protects the eyeball in the orbit.
  • Tears drain into the nasal cavity through the nasolacrimal duct.
  • Lateral rectus turns the eye medially.
  • Medial rectus turns the eye up and laterally.
  • Inferior oblique turns the eye down and medially.
  • Inferior rectus turns the eye up and medially.
  • Superior rectus turns the eye down and laterally
  • superior oblique: what is a sty?
  • A sty is inflammation of a small oil or sweat gland on the exterior of the eye.
  • Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva.

Eye Diagram Labels

  • Anterior chamber

  • Choroid

  • Ciliary muscle

  • Ciliary processes

  • Ciliary zonule

  • Cornea

  • Iris

  • Lens

  • Ora serrata

  • Posterior segments

  • Posterior chamber

  • Retina

  • Sclera

  • Scleral venous sinus

  • Aqueous humor fills the anterior segment and forms the aqueous humor.

  • The "white" of the eye is the sclera.

  • The part of the retina lacking photoreceptors is the optic disc.

  • The ciliary muscle contains the ciliary body.

  • Scleral venous sinus drains aqueous humor from the eye.

  • The layer containing the rods and cones is the retina.

  • The substance occupying the posterior segment of the eyeball is vitreous humor.

  • The bulk of the heavily pigmented vascular layer is formed by the choroid.

  • Smooth muscle structures are composed of the iris and ciliary body.

  • The area of critical focusing and detailed color vision is the fovea centralis.

  • Form the aqueous humor by the ciliary body.

  • Light-bending media of the eye consist of lens, cornea, humus

  • Anterior continuation of the sclera is the cornea.

  • Composed of tough, white, opaque, fibrous connective tissue: the sclera

  • The two major layers of the retina are the pigmented and neural layers.

  • Neuron populations arrange in neural layers: photoreceptors, ganglion cells, bipolar cells

  • Cells forming the optic nerve: ganglion cells

  • Dim light receptors: rods are only found in the periphery of the retina.

  • In bright light and allows for vision because of cones.

Cow Eye Dissection

  • Tapetum Lucidum is a reflective light.
  • The function is to increase light stimulus in the retina.
  • It attached is posterior aspect of choroid

Visual Pathways to the Brain

  • The visual pathway to the occipital lobe
  • Photoreceptor cell: retina
  • Bipolar cell: retina
  • Ganglion cell: retina
  • Neuron: lateral geniculate
  • Cortical neuron: cerebral hemisphere

Optic Nerve Notes

  • Only fibers from are from right side of the brain's optic tract
  • Fibers from both eyes present in the right optic tract
  • Corneal tissue, the cornea slow to because has no blood vessels carry nutrients and oxygen

Ear Anatomy and Function

  • The external auditory canal is located in the outer ear.
  • The three auditory ossicles are collectively called hammer, anvil and stirrup.
  • Fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth: endolymph.
  • Fluid contained within the bony labyrinth: perilymph.
  • Grains of calcium carbonate in the maculae: otoliths.
  • The location of the spiral organ: the cochlear duct
  • Involved in equalizing the pressure in the middle ear with the external air pressure: pharyngotympanic tube.
  • Hair cells vibrate on the basilar membrane.
  • Saccule: transmits to the vibrations of the stapes Transmits the vibrations of the stapes to the fluid in the scala vestibuli.
  • Basilar membrane: the structure that lies upon the hair cells of the spiral organ rest.
  • ampullaris: contains the crista ampullaris
  • 1 acts as a pressure relief valve for pressure waves in the scala tympani is tympanic membrane
    1. gelatinous membrane overlying in the hair cells of the spiral organ:tectorial membrane
  • Malleus -> incus -> stapes -> oval window -> perilymph
  • Vestibular membrane -> tectorial membrane -> hair cells of Corti
  • Length and of basilar membrane fibers
  • Hair cells of spiral organ: the length and created frequency different stimuli from the spiral organ
  • The endolymph pushes the capula cells, altering stimuli to the vestibular cells.
  • The role of otoliths is to the sensory and pace of impulse vestibular nerve Laboratory Tests
  • It's different on both ears.
  • Difference of measuring hearing on both the cotton or the volume of sound and what can do with
  • Location of the ear and pressure
  • Localization difficult on from the frequency
  • the less becomes: the tuning fork Weber
  • The Rinne test shows conduction the most common location indicate sounds
  • The Romberg is in which conduction
  • The ear is not that are to the brain

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Description

Questions about the structure and function of the eye, including the flow of aqueous humor, the roles of different layers, and the impact of damage to specific areas. Also explores sensory receptors, focusing on their location, primary functions, and the types of stimuli they detect, such as pressure, pain, and muscle stretch.

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