Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the special senses?
What are the special senses?
Vision, smell, taste, hearing, and equilibrium.
What are sensory receptors?
What are sensory receptors?
Distinct cells localized in specific body regions.
What are somatic senses?
What are somatic senses?
Touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
Is vision the dominant sense in humans?
Is vision the dominant sense in humans?
Are 70% of sensory receptors located in the eye?
Are 70% of sensory receptors located in the eye?
Do 30% of cerebral neurons process visual information?
Do 30% of cerebral neurons process visual information?
Name the accessory structures of the eye.
Name the accessory structures of the eye.
What is another term for eyelids?
What is another term for eyelids?
What does the conjunctiva produce to prevent drying?
What does the conjunctiva produce to prevent drying?
What does the lacrimal apparatus include?
What does the lacrimal apparatus include?
What does lacrimal fluid contain?
What does lacrimal fluid contain?
What controls eyeball movement?
What controls eyeball movement?
What are the three layers of the eyeball?
What are the three layers of the eyeball?
What does the fibrous layer include?
What does the fibrous layer include?
What does the vascular layer include?
What does the vascular layer include?
What is another name for the neural layer?
What is another name for the neural layer?
What maintains eyeball shape?
What maintains eyeball shape?
What is the opaque white part of the eye?
What is the opaque white part of the eye?
Which clear structure allows light entry into the eye?
Which clear structure allows light entry into the eye?
Which colored part of the eye controls the pupil?
Which colored part of the eye controls the pupil?
What opening regulates light entering the eye?
What opening regulates light entering the eye?
What membrane covers the eyeball surface?
What membrane covers the eyeball surface?
What fluid is in the anterior cavity, nourishing the lens and cornea?
What fluid is in the anterior cavity, nourishing the lens and cornea?
What gel maintains intraocular pressure in the posterior cavity?
What gel maintains intraocular pressure in the posterior cavity?
What nourishes the other layers of the eye?
What nourishes the other layers of the eye?
What smooth muscle controls lens shape and light entry?
What smooth muscle controls lens shape and light entry?
What muscle surrounding the pupil regulates light entry?
What muscle surrounding the pupil regulates light entry?
What inner layer contains photoreceptors and neural cells?
What inner layer contains photoreceptors and neural cells?
What is the blind spot where the optic nerve exits the eye?
What is the blind spot where the optic nerve exits the eye?
What pit in macula has the highest cone density for vision?
What pit in macula has the highest cone density for vision?
Which photoreceptors are related to night vision and peripheral sight?
Which photoreceptors are related to night vision and peripheral sight?
Which photoreceptors are responsible for color vision and high-resolution images?
Which photoreceptors are responsible for color vision and high-resolution images?
What area of the retina has a high cone concentration?
What area of the retina has a high cone concentration?
What condition involves increased eye pressure from fluid blockage?
What condition involves increased eye pressure from fluid blockage?
What condition is caused by clouding of the lens?
What condition is caused by clouding of the lens?
What is the function of the lens?
What is the function of the lens?
What connects the lens to the ciliary body and supports lens position?
What connects the lens to the ciliary body and supports lens position?
What is the function of the ciliary muscle?
What is the function of the ciliary muscle?
Which part of the ciliary body produces aqueous humour?
Which part of the ciliary body produces aqueous humour?
What canal is located in the vitreous body?
What canal is located in the vitreous body?
What is peripheral vision?
What is peripheral vision?
Which cells in the retina convert light to neural signals?
Which cells in the retina convert light to neural signals?
Which neurons transmit signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells?
Which neurons transmit signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells?
What is the roll of the ganglion cells?
What is the roll of the ganglion cells?
What types of cells provide support in the retina?
What types of cells provide support in the retina?
What maintains the pressure within the eye?
What maintains the pressure within the eye?
How clear or sharp our vision is referred to as what?
How clear or sharp our vision is referred to as what?
What controls lens shape for vision
What controls lens shape for vision
For what function can the lens be flattened?
For what function can the lens be flattened?
How far away is the closest point for clear vision?
How far away is the closest point for clear vision?
Flashcards
Special Senses
Special Senses
Vision, smell, taste, hearing, and equilibrium
Sensory Receptors
Sensory Receptors
Cells localized in specific body regions to detect stimuli
Somatic Senses
Somatic Senses
Touch, pressure, temperature, and pain sensations
Dominant Sense
Dominant Sense
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Accessory Structures of the Eye
Accessory Structures of the Eye
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Palpebrae
Palpebrae
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Lacrimal Apparatus
Lacrimal Apparatus
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Fibrous Layer
Fibrous Layer
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Vascular Layer
Vascular Layer
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Neural Layer
Neural Layer
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Humours
Humours
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Sclera
Sclera
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Cornea
Cornea
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Iris
Iris
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Pupil
Pupil
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Aqueous Humor
Aqueous Humor
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Vitreous Humor
Vitreous Humor
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Retina
Retina
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Optic Disc
Optic Disc
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Rods
Rods
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Cones
Cones
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Macula Lutea
Macula Lutea
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Glaucoma
Glaucoma
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Cataracts
Cataracts
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Lens
Lens
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Ciliary Muscle
Ciliary Muscle
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Visual Acuity
Visual Acuity
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Accommodation
Accommodation
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Pupil Constriction
Pupil Constriction
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Convergence
Convergence
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Study Notes
- Special senses encompass vision, smell, taste, hearing, and equilibrium.
- Sensory receptors are specialized cells located in specific areas of the body.
- Somatic senses include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
- Vision stands as the dominant sense in humans.
- Approximately 70% of the body's sensory receptors are located in the eyes.
- Thirty percent of cerebral neurons are involved in processing visual information.
- Eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, and the lacrimal apparatus are accessory structures of the eye.
- Palpebrae is another term for eyelids.
- The conjunctiva produces a lubricating mucous to prevent the eyes from drying out.
- The lacrimal apparatus consists of the lacrimal gland and associated drainage ducts.
- Lacrimal fluid contains mucous, antibodies, and lysozyme, providing lubrication and protection.
- Six extrinsic eye muscles control eyeball movement.
- The eyeball is composed of three layers: the fibrous, vascular, and neural layers.
- The fibrous layer includes the cornea and sclera.
- The vascular layer includes the choroid and ciliary body.
- The neural layer is also known as the retina.
- Humours are fluids that help maintain the eyeball's shape.
- The sclera forms the opaque white part of the eye.
- The cornea is a clear structure that allows light to enter the eye.
- The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.
- The pupil is the opening that regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
- The bulbar conjunctiva is the membrane covering the surface of the eyeball.
- Aqueous humour is the fluid in the anterior cavity that nourishes the lens and cornea.
- Vitreous humour is the gel-like substance in the posterior cavity that maintains intraocular pressure.
- The vascular layer is the middle layer of the eye that nourishes the other layers.
- The ciliary body is a smooth muscle that controls lens shape and regulates light entry.
- The iris is a muscle that surrounds the pupil and regulates light entry.
- The retina is the inner layer of the eye that contains photoreceptors and neural cells.
- The optic disc is the blind spot where the optic nerve exits the eye.
- The fovea centralis is a pit in the macula with the highest cone density, responsible for sharp vision.
- Rods are photoreceptors responsible for night vision and peripheral sight.
- Cones are photoreceptors responsible for color vision and high-resolution images.
- The macula lutea is an area of the retina with a high concentration of cones.
- Glaucoma is a condition of increased eye pressure caused by fluid blockage.
- Cataracts are the clouding of the lens, causing vision impairment.
- The lens is a biconvex structure that focuses light on the retina.
- Suspensory ligaments connect the lens to the ciliary body and support the lens position.
- The ciliary muscle adjusts the lens shape for focusing.
- The ciliary process is part of the ciliary body and produces aqueous humour.
- The hyaloid canal is a canal in the vitreous body and is a remnant of fetal development.
- Peripheral vision is vision outside of the direct line of sight.
- Photoreceptors are cells in the retina that convert light into neural signals.
- Bipolar cells are neurons that transmit signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells.
- Ganglion cells are retinal cells that send visual information to the brain.
- Glial cells are supportive cells in the retina.
- Intraocular pressure is the pressure within the eye, maintained by the humours.
- Visual acuity refers to the clarity or sharpness of vision.
- Ciliary muscles control the lens shape, essential for vision.
- Distant vision requires the lens to be flattened to achieve focus.
- The near point of vision is the closest point at which clear vision is possible, approximately 10 cm.
- The distant point of vision is the farthest point at which clear vision is possible, about 6 meters.
- Accommodation involves the thickening of the lens to increase light refraction.
- Pupil constriction reduces light entry, enhancing focus on the lens.
- Convergence is the inward turning of the eyeballs to maintain focus.
- Myopia is nearsightedness, where focus occurs in front of the retina.
- Hyperopia is farsightedness, where focus occurs behind the retina.
- Astigmatism results in blurred vision due to an uneven cornea or lens.
- Light travels through the cornea, lens, and retina in that order.
- Refraction refers to the bending of light as it passes through different media.
- Suspensory ligaments connect ciliary muscles to the lens, adjusting its tension.
- Vitreous humour maintains eye shape with its gel-like substance.
- Aqueous humour provides nutrients and maintains pressure within the eye
- Photoreceptors, rods and cones, detect light in the retina.
- Rods function in low light conditions.
- Cones function in color and bright light clarity.
- Cataracts are associated with clouding of the eye's lens.
- Glaucoma stems from increased eye pressure, which subsequently damages the optic nerve.
- Corrective lenses, like glasses or contacts, can adjust focus to address most vision problems.
- Concave lenses diverge light, correcting myopia.
- Convex lenses converge light, correcting hyperopia.
- Ciliary muscle tension determines lens shape.
- Curvature will influence incoming lights focus.
- Foveae are a small central region of the retina responsible for the sharpest vision.
- Neural layer of the Retina contains photoreceptors and other cells.
- Accessory eye structures, like eyelids ensure proper vision.
- The eyes layers include the sclera, choroid, and retina.
- The transparent lens focuses light.
- The fluid in the eye includes aqueous and vitreous humours.
- Rods are responsible for low-light vision.
- Cones allow high-detail color vision.
- Cataracts mean a clouded lens.
- Glaucoma stems from increased pressure.
- Astigmatism is an irregular cornea shape.
- Myopia makes far objects appear blurry.
- Hyperopia makes close objects appear blurry.
- Light travels through cornea, the lens to the retina.
- Light that bends is described as refraction.
- Electromagnetic radiation ranges from 400-700 nm.
- Visible light falls between electromagnetic radiation between 400-700 nanometeres.
- Prisms separate white light into colors.
- Tetrachromats have four color receptors.
- Dichoromats feature two color receptors.
- Trichromats, like humans have three color receptors.
- Phototransduction converts light energy into electrical signals.
- Photoreceptors function as neurons detecting colors.
- Photopigments change shape in response to light.
- Visual pigment resides inside photoreceptors.
- Photoreceptors renew every 24 hours.
- Human retinas feature 92 million.
- Human retinas feature about 6 million cones.
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