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Questions and Answers
The method involving extraction at room temperature or by continuous hot extraction in a Soxhlet is known as ______.
maceration
Floral concretes are obtained through the extraction of fragrant constituents along with liposoluble impurities such as fats, waxes, and ______.
pigments
The process of removing the solvent by distillation under reduced ______ is essential in producing floral concretes.
pressure
Enzymatic hydrolysis liberates volatile constituents known as ______ from glycosides in plant materials.
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Floral absolutes are more expensive and purified products, prepared by repeated extraction with absolute ______.
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The method of extracting essential oils using fatty substances is called ______.
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In the ______ method, plant material is soaked in oil or solvent to obtain essential oils.
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One common technique for extracting essential oils is through the use of ______.
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Floral concretes are prepared using techniques such as enfleurage or ______.
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Enzymatic hydrolysis of glycosides involves using ______ enzymes to break down sugar components.
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The process of determining the quality of oils often includes performing a ______ analysis.
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Optical rotation is measured using an apparatus called a ______.
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Natural products, like essential oils, can be classified as ______ due to their structure based on isoprene units.
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The ______ method involves using oil to extract fragrant compounds from flowers by trapping them in fats.
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In the ______ method, plant materials are soaked in a solvent to draw out essential oils and other compounds.
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Solvent extraction techniques can be classified into non-volatile and ______ solvent extraction methods.
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The preparation of floral ______ involves the use of solvents to extract and concentrate the fragrances from flowers.
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Enzymatic hydrolysis of glycosides releases ______ compounds that contribute to the aroma of flowers.
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In the ______ method, oils are extracted from flowers using strong pressing followed by decantation.
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Scarification method involves ______ the surface of fruits to allow oil exudation.
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Machine processes for oil extraction can include the use of a ______ to separate the oil from the plant material.
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Study Notes
Extraction Methods
- Extraction by percolation, maceration, or Soxhlet are used to obtain "floral concretes" from delicate flowers.
- Percolation, maceration occur at room temperature while Soxhlet extraction uses constant temperature not exceeding 50°C.
- Solvent removal after extraction occurs through distillation under reduced pressure.
- Floral concrete is a semi-solid product, yellowish-orange in color, containing fragrant constituents and impurities like fats, waxes, and pigments.
Floral Absolutes
- Floral absolutes are more expensive and purified products than concretes.
- They are obtained through repeated extraction with absolute alcohol, followed by chilling and decantation to remove waxes and fat-soluble pigments.
- Absolutes are richer in oxygenated constituents, contributing to the fragrance of the oil.
- They are used in smaller concentrations than concretes in the perfume industry.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Glycosides
- Many glycosides yield volatile aglycones upon hydrolysis.
- Plants contain enzymes responsible for their hydrolysis.
- The process involves hydrolysis to liberate volatile constituents (aglycones) from odorless glycosides.
- Separation of volatile aglycones is achieved through distillation or extraction.
Determination of Volatile Oils
- Quantitative Analysis assesses the quality of plant material and raw materials, while Qualitative Analysis differentiates between genuine and adulterated oils.
Quantitative Analysis
- Clavenger's apparatus is used for quantitative analysis.
Qualitative Analysis
- Physical examination includes evaluating odor and solubility in different alcohol strengths.
- Optical rotation is the property of rotating polarized light, being either dextrorotatory (d, +) or levorotatory (l, -).
- Polarimeter is used for measuring optical rotation.
Chemistry of Volatile Oils
- Volatile oils can be single components, like benzaldehyde or methyl salicylate, or a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (terpenes) and oxygenated compounds.
- Terpenes are natural products composed of isoprene units (C5H8).
- Isoprene rule describes the head-to-tail arrangement of isoprene units in terpenes.
- Monoterpenes consist of two isoprene units (C10).
Precautions in Handling Plant Material
- Crushing should be done just before distillation to prevent loss by volatilization.
- Dried plant material should be wetted before distillation with saturated steam.
- Even packing is important for efficient "hydro diffusion".
- Stainless steel is preferred over iron, especially for oxygenated compounds.
- Water distillation involves using water or steam to extract volatile oils.
Expression Methods
- Expression is a mechanical process used to extract oils from plants at room temperature.
- Heat-sensitive oils present in large amounts in fruit peels, like citrus fruits, are prepared using expression.
Sponge Method
- Peels are squeezed between a projection and a sponge, collecting the oil which is then filtered.
Expression of Rasping
- The peel is removed using a grater, collected in bags, and pressed.
- The oil is separated by decantation.
Scarification Method (Ecuelle-à-piquer)
- This involves puncturing the surface of fruits to allow the oil to exude from the peel.
- This method is used for preparing lemon oil in France.
Machine Processes
- Modern machines automate the process of peel removal, spraying, squeezing, and pressing.
- Centrifuges are used to separate the oil.
Extraction Methods
- Extraction methods are used for delicate flower oils, such as jasmine, violet, and Narcissus.
- These methods are employed for flowers containing small amounts of oil or thermolabile constituents.
- Based on the solvent used, extraction methods are categorized as non-volatile solvent extraction or volatile solvent extraction.
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Description
Explore the various methods used in the extraction of floral concretes and absolutes, including percolation, maceration, and Soxhlet extraction. Learn about the differences between floral concretes and absolutes, their composition, and their applications in the perfume industry. Dive into the intricacies of enzymatic hydrolysis of glycosides as well.
