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Questions and Answers
What factor primarily influences the rate of hydrolysis of organometallic compounds?
What factor primarily influences the rate of hydrolysis of organometallic compounds?
What does the 18-electron rule help determine about transition metal complexes?
What does the 18-electron rule help determine about transition metal complexes?
How many valence electrons do second row elements like carbon accommodate according to the octet rule?
How many valence electrons do second row elements like carbon accommodate according to the octet rule?
What is required to fill all nine orbitals in the context of the 18-electron rule?
What is required to fill all nine orbitals in the context of the 18-electron rule?
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What facilitates the nucleophilic attack by water on organometallic compounds?
What facilitates the nucleophilic attack by water on organometallic compounds?
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What is the oxidation state of the Re metal in the complex described?
What is the oxidation state of the Re metal in the complex described?
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Which of the following denotes the oxidation state of Re in the complex?
Which of the following denotes the oxidation state of Re in the complex?
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How many total electrons are present in the complex emphasized?
How many total electrons are present in the complex emphasized?
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What type of ligand is CH3− in the complex?
What type of ligand is CH3− in the complex?
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What happens to the CO stretching frequency in IR as bonding modes change from terminal to μ2-bridging?
What happens to the CO stretching frequency in IR as bonding modes change from terminal to μ2-bridging?
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What is formed when the hybrid orbitals on the metal overlap with the filled hybrid orbital of carbon monoxide?
What is formed when the hybrid orbitals on the metal overlap with the filled hybrid orbital of carbon monoxide?
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With one anionic ligand present, what charge does the overall complex have?
With one anionic ligand present, what charge does the overall complex have?
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In electron counting for complexes, what does the term 'neutral donor' refer to?
In electron counting for complexes, what does the term 'neutral donor' refer to?
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What is the role of zinc in the extraction of noble metals from their ores?
What is the role of zinc in the extraction of noble metals from their ores?
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Which process is used to purify nickel from impure sources?
Which process is used to purify nickel from impure sources?
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What is the significance of complex formation in qualitative analysis?
What is the significance of complex formation in qualitative analysis?
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What type of catalyst is the Wilkinson catalyst?
What type of catalyst is the Wilkinson catalyst?
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How does EDTA function in determining water hardness?
How does EDTA function in determining water hardness?
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What results from the reaction of Ni2+ ions with dimethyglyoxime?
What results from the reaction of Ni2+ ions with dimethyglyoxime?
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In black and white photography, which complex ion is formed when washed with hypo solution?
In black and white photography, which complex ion is formed when washed with hypo solution?
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What is Prussian blue commonly used for?
What is Prussian blue commonly used for?
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What type of orbitals overlap to form a π-bond in metal carbonyl complexes?
What type of orbitals overlap to form a π-bond in metal carbonyl complexes?
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What is one of the uses of Fe(CO)5 in industrial applications?
What is one of the uses of Fe(CO)5 in industrial applications?
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Which reaction involves alkene reacting with hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide using a catalyst?
Which reaction involves alkene reacting with hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide using a catalyst?
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What is the oxidation state of iron in ferrocene?
What is the oxidation state of iron in ferrocene?
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How many π-electrons are associated with each cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ring in ferrocene?
How many π-electrons are associated with each cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ring in ferrocene?
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Which metal carbonyl complex is specifically mentioned for its role in hydrosilylation of olefins?
Which metal carbonyl complex is specifically mentioned for its role in hydrosilylation of olefins?
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What is a key characteristic of ferrocene that accounts for its stability?
What is a key characteristic of ferrocene that accounts for its stability?
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Which industrial process uses nickel tetracarbonyl for the extraction and purification of nickel?
Which industrial process uses nickel tetracarbonyl for the extraction and purification of nickel?
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What is the main metal present in chlorophyll?
What is the main metal present in chlorophyll?
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Which statement about chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b is true?
Which statement about chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b is true?
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What feature distinguishes chlorophyll from heme?
What feature distinguishes chlorophyll from heme?
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What happens to the chlorin ring without the presence of Mg2+?
What happens to the chlorin ring without the presence of Mg2+?
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Which property of chlorophyll contributes to its high light absorbance?
Which property of chlorophyll contributes to its high light absorbance?
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What role do light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) have in relation to chlorophyll?
What role do light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) have in relation to chlorophyll?
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What characteristic allows chlorophyll to specifically absorb light during photosynthesis?
What characteristic allows chlorophyll to specifically absorb light during photosynthesis?
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Why are chlorophylls green in color?
Why are chlorophylls green in color?
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Study Notes
Organometallic Compounds and Hydrolysis
- Hydrolysis of organometallic compounds occurs via nucleophilic attack by water.
- Facilitating factors for hydrolysis include empty low-lying orbitals on the metal and metal-carbon bond polarity.
- The rate of hydrolysis increases with greater polarity of the M-C bond.
The 18-electron Rule (EAN)
- The 18-electron rule predicts the stability of d-block transition metal organometallic complexes.
- Transition metals have one s, three p, and five d orbitals, totaling nine orbitals that can accommodate 18 electrons.
- Stable compounds usually have a noble gas electron configuration.
- Complexes should have no overall charge; anionic ligands are also considered in electron counting.
CO-Metal Bonding Interactions
- σ-bond formation occurs through the overlap of empty hybrid orbitals on the metal with filled orbitals of carbon monoxide.
- π-bonding involves back donation from filled d orbitals/hybrid dp orbitals of the metal to antibonding π orbitals on CO.
Metal-Carbonyl Complexes
- Metal-carbonyls like nickel tetracarbonyl are important for industrial processes such as extraction and purification.
- Carbonyl complexes enable simple transfer to pure metal forms in processes like the Mond process.
- Metal carbonyls play roles in carbonylation reactions, impacting the production of aldehydes and other compounds.
Detection of Complex Formation
- Qualitative analysis utilizes color changes in complex formation for inorganic ion identification.
- Formation of colored precipitates with compounds like dimethyglyoxime aids in detecting specific metal ions.
Industrial Applications of Coordination Compounds
- Coordination compounds serve as catalysts, exemplified by rhodium complex used for alkene hydrogenation.
- Silver and gold electroplating is facilitated by metal cyanide complexes.
- In photography, silver complexes are used to fix developed films.
Structure and Bonding in Ferrocene
- Ferrocene consists of an iron center that is in the +2 oxidation state coordinated with cyclopentadienyl anions.
- Gains stability from an 18-electron configuration unique to its bonding structure.
- Features aromaticity due to the presence of 12 π-electrons shared with the metal.
Metals in Biology: Chlorophyll
- Chlorophyll contains Mg2+ as the central metal ion in a polycyclic, planar structure resembling protoporphyrin.
- The presence of a long phytol side chain attached to the chlorophyll structure aids in its functionality.
- Chlorophyll a and b, found in chloroplasts, work together to maximize light absorption efficiency in visible light.
Absorption Characteristics of Chlorophyll
- Chlorophylls exhibit high molar extinction coefficients, making them efficient at absorbing light essential for photosynthesis.
- Different absorption spectra of chlorophyll a and b allow for complementary light absorption, contributing to the green color of plants.
Role of Magnesium in Chlorophyll
- Magnesium is crucial for the stability of the chlorin ring; its absence leads to fluorescence, indicating loss of functionality in chlorophyll.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the processes involved in the extraction and purification of noble metals such as gold and silver from their ores. It also covers the role of complex formation in qualitative analysis, highlighting techniques for detecting metal complexes. Test your knowledge on chemical reactions and processes in inorganic chemistry.