Extracellular Fluid Constituents Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the approximate nonlethal limit range for oxygen levels in mm Hg?

40–60

35–45

5–80

10–1000 (correct)

Which ion has an average normal value of 1.2 mmol/L?

Calcium ion (correct)

Potassium ion

Sodium ion

Bicarbonate ion

What is the normal range for bicarbonate ion levels in mmol/L?

24–32 (correct)

28–35

22–30

20–30

What is the average normal value for potassium ion in mmol/L?

4.2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the average body temperature in Fahrenheit?

98.4 Signup and view all the answers

Which pH value indicates a normal acid-base balance in the body?

7.4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate nonlethal limit for glucose levels in mg/dL?

20–1500 Signup and view all the answers

Which ion has the normal range of 138–146 mmol/L?

Sodium ion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Pocket Companion to Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology?

To summarize key concepts from the main textbook Signup and view all the answers

Who is the author of the Pocket Companion to Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology?

John E. Hall Signup and view all the answers

Which organization published the Pocket Companion to Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology?

Elsevier Inc. Signup and view all the answers

What should practitioners be mindful of when using the information from this publication?

Their own safety and that of others Signup and view all the answers

What does the copyright notice indicate about the content of the Pocket Companion?

The content is protected and requires permission for reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What is stated about the knowledge and best practices in the field of physiology?

They are constantly evolving and require adaptation Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the ISBN number found in the Pocket Companion?

It serves as a unique identifier for the book Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the most recent edition of the Pocket Companion published?

2012 Signup and view all the answers

Where is most of the ATP produced in the cell formed?

In the mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial product of glycolysis?

Pyruvic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which cycle involves the conversion of acetyl-CoA into hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide?

Citric acid cycle Signup and view all the answers

What role do hydrogen ions play in ATP synthesis?

They drive the conversion of ADP to ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular function is NOT directly promoted by ATP?

Cell division Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the agranular, or smooth, ER?

Synthesis of lipid substances Signup and view all the answers

How does ATP synthetase contribute to ATP production?

It uses energy from hydrogen ion movement to convert ADP to ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the final product when hydrogen ions combine with oxygen in the mitochondria?

Water Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Golgi apparatus in relation to secretory cells?

It has membranes similar to those of the agranular ER. Signup and view all the answers

What do lysosomes primarily contain that aids in their function?

Digestive enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemosmotic mechanism primarily responsible for?

ATP formation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to lysosomal enzymes if the membranes surrounding them are damaged?

They leak out and can digest nearby substances. Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily removed during the citric acid cycle in the mitochondria?

Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions Signup and view all the answers

Which food source is NOT mentioned as providing energy for the cell?

Cellulose from plants Signup and view all the answers

What role do small transport vesicles play in relation to the Golgi apparatus?

They transport substances from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in cells?

Energy production Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of cilia in the nasal cavity and lower respiratory airways?

To move mucus and trapped particles toward the pharynx Signup and view all the answers

In the uterine tubes, what is the primary action facilitated by ciliary movement?

Transportation of fluid toward the uterine cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which two factors are necessary for the proper movement of cilia?

ATP and appropriate ionic conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of genes in the cell nucleus?

Control the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) Signup and view all the answers

What does the process termed 'gene expression' encompass?

Transcription of genetic code and translation into proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the structure of a nucleotide?

Amino acids Signup and view all the answers

How are nucleotides arranged to create DNA?

In a double-stranded helical structure loosely bound to each other Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of genes approximately found in each human cell?

30,000 Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of the backbone of each DNA strand?

Phosphoric acid and deoxyribose molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which purine base pairs with the pyrimidine base thymine?

Adenine Signup and view all the answers

What is a code word in a DNA strand?

A group of three successive bases Signup and view all the answers

What process allows DNA to control chemical reactions in the cytoplasm?

Transcription Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the RNA that is formed from DNA?

It acts as a template for protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following base pairs constitute a bond in DNA?

Guanine with Cytosine Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic code made up of?

A sequence of nucleotide triplets Signup and view all the answers

In the cell nucleus, DNA is directly involved in the process of:

RNA formation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Extracellular Fluid Constituents and Limits

Oxygen: Average: 40 mm Hg; Normal range: 35-45 mm Hg; Nonlethal limit: 10-1000 mm Hg
Carbon dioxide: Average: 40 mm Hg; Normal range: 35-45 mm Hg; Nonlethal limit: 5-80 mm Hg
Sodium ion: Average: 142 mmol/L; Normal range: 138-146 mmol/L; Nonlethal limit: 115-175 mmol/L
Potassium ion: Average: 4.2 mmol/L; Normal range: 3.8-5.0 mmol/L; Nonlethal limit: 1.5-9.0 mmol/L
Calcium ion: Average: 1.2 mmol/L; Normal range: 1.0-1.4 mmol/L; Nonlethal limit: 0.5-2.0 mmol/L
Chloride ion: Average: 108 mmol/L; Normal range: 103-112 mmol/L; Nonlethal limit: 70-130 mmol/L
Bicarbonate ion: Average: 28 mmol/L; Normal range: 24-32 mmol/L; Nonlethal limit: 8-45 mmol/L
Glucose: Average: 85 mg/dL; Normal range: 75-95 mg/dL; Nonlethal limit: 20-1500 mg/dL
Body temperature: Average: 98.4°F (37.0°C); Normal range: 98-98.8°F (37.0°C); Nonlethal limit: 65-110°F (18.3-43.3°C)
Acid-base (pH): Average: 7.4; Normal range: 7.3-7.5; Nonlethal limit: 6.9-8.0

Cell Structure and Function

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Involved in protein synthesis, lipid synthesis and modification. Two types: rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (agranular).
Golgi Apparatus: Processes substances from the ER, modifies and packages them into lysosomes, secretory vesicles, other cellular components.
Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes, break down intracellular substances (damaged cells, food particles, bacteria). Membranes protect them from damaging cell contents.
Mitochondria: Release energy via oxidation of foods (carbohydrates, fats, proteins). Crucial for ATP formation from ADP.
ATP Formation: Main pathway occurs in the mitochondria: foods are broken down, hydrogen ions combine with oxygen (releasing energy), energy used to convert ADP to ATP. Process called the chemiosmotic mechanism.
ATP Usage: ATP fuels cellular processes; membrane transport (sodium-potassium pump), synthesis, and mechanical work (muscle contraction).
Cilia: Whiplike structures, involved in movement of mucus (respiratory system), and fluid (uterine tubes). Require ATP and specific ionic conditions (magnesium, calcium).

Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis

Gene Function: Genes (DNA) control protein synthesis and therefore cell function via the process of gene expression.
DNA Structure: Double-stranded helix composed of nucleotides with phosphoric acid, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous bases.
DNA Code: Organized as triplets of bases forming code words. A unique code word determines the sequence of amino acids in the resultant protein.
Transcription: Process where DNA code is copied to RNA code (which moves to the cytoplasm). RNA needs proteins and proper ionic environment for the synthesis.
Figure 3–1: Demonstrates the process by which genes in the nucleus control cell function in the cytoplasm. RNA is transcribed from the DNA and translated to proteins in the cytoplasm.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge about the constituents and limits of extracellular fluid. This quiz covers various parameters like oxygen, carbon dioxide, ions, glucose, body temperature, and acid-base balance. Understand normal ranges and nonlethal limits for optimal bodily functions.