Extracellular Fluid Constituents Quiz

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The average normal value for oxygen in the extracellular fluid is 40 mm Hg.

The average normal value for carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid is 40 mm Hg.

The normal range for sodium ion in the extracellular fluid is 138-146 mmol/L.

The normal range for potassium ion in the extracellular fluid is 3.8-5.0 mmol/L.

The normal range for calcium ion in the extracellular fluid is 1.0-1.4 mmol/L.

The normal range for chloride ion in the extracellular fluid is 103-112 mmol/L.

The normal range for bicarbonate ion in the extracellular fluid is 24-32 mmol/L.

The normal range for body temperature is 98-98.8 F (37.0 C).

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) synthesizes lipids and carries out other intracellular processes aided by enzymes.

The Golgi apparatus processes substances from the Endoplasmic Reticulum into lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and other cell components.

Transport substances from ER to Golgi apparatus.

Lysosomes break down intracellular substances, including damaged cells, food particles & unwanted material.

Membranes keep lysosomal enzymes from causing damage to the cell.

Mitochondria release energy through the chemical reaction of oxygen with food molecules (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids).

Enzymes in the mitochondria remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions from food molecules.

mRNA works with ribosomes in the ER to synthesize proteins.

ATP is created through the recombination of ADP and phosphoric acid, powered by energy from cell nutrients. The process happens repeatedly.

Most ATP is made inside mitochondria using energy from the breakdown of nutrients.

The process of converting glucose to pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm.

A molecule formed from carbohydrate, lipid, and protein breakdown that enters the citric acid cycle.

Chemical reactions that break down acetyl-CoA into hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide while releasing energy.

The overall process of ATP production, involving hydrogen ion movement and ATP synthetase.

Globular proteins within the mitochondrial membrane that use hydrogen ion movement to produce ATP.

ATP powers processes like membrane transport, chemical synthesis, and mechanical work in cells.

The structure of a DNA strand, consisting of alternating phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugar molecules.

The four nitrogen-containing molecules (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) that attach to the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, forming the genetic code.

Specific bonding between adenine (A) with thymine (T) and guanine (G) with cytosine (C) in DNA.

A sequence of three consecutive bases in DNA that specifies a particular amino acid.

The complete set of DNA code words that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

The process of copying genetic information from DNA into RNA in the nucleus.

A single-stranded nucleic acid that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

The process of using RNA to synthesize proteins in the cytoplasm.

The whiplike motion of cilia in the nasal cavity and respiratory airways, moving mucus toward the pharynx to clear passageways.

Cilia in the uterine tubes move fluid from the tube's opening toward the uterus, helping transport an ovum.

Ciliary movement requires ATP energy and specific ion concentrations, including magnesium and calcium.

Genes in the cell nucleus contain the instructions for creating specific proteins, which control cellular function.

Proteins play a vital role in cells as enzymes that catalyze reactions and as building blocks for cellular structures.

DNA is composed of two long, helical strands, each made of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine.

A nucleotide forms when a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar molecule, and one of the four nitrogenous bases combine.

Multiple nucleotides bind together to create two strands of DNA, which are then loosely connected to each other.