Exploring Salience and Priming

Precontemplation = People are not intending to take action in the foreseeable future, and can be unaware that their behaviour is problematic Contemplation = People are beginning to recognize that their behaviour is problematic, and start to look at the pros and cons of their continued actions Preparation = People are intending to take action in the immediate future, and may begin taking small steps toward behaviour change Action = People have made specific overt modifications in modifying their problem behaviour or in acquiring new healthy behaviours

Transtheoretical Model = A model suggesting that health behavior change involves progressing through six stages of behavior change Nudge Theory = A theory based upon the idea that by shaping the environment, also known as the choice architecture, one can influence the likelihood that one option is chosen over another by individuals

Physical activity recommendations for cancer survivors = 150 minutes per week of moderate intensity or 75 minutes per week of vigorous intensity aerobic PA, and two sessions of resistance training Role of clinicians in the ENGAGE study = Clinicians recognized the benefits of exercise for their patients but few gave advice about physical activity Intervention strategies in the ENGAGE study = Includes supervised exercise sessions, individual home-based physical activity, and discussions about physical activity preferences, goals, and strategies for overcoming barriers ENGAGE study outcomes = Men who participated in the exercise program were four times more likely to meet recommended levels of exercise than those in the control group

<p>Adherence to supervised program = 80.3% Influence of clinician’s referral on decision to participate = 80% reported that the clinician’s referral influenced their decision Impact on cognitive functioning and depressive symptoms = Exercise program improved cognitive functioning and reduced depressive symptoms Improvement in physical aspects = Community-based exercise program improved strength and flexibility, resting heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salience = Something that is noticeable or prominent Priming = An external stimulus activates thoughts/ideas, which in turn prompt behaviour Affect = How much we like or enjoy a stimuli can automatically shape our actions Commitment = We seek to be consistent with our promises and publicly acknowledged commitments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theory of planned behaviour = Attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control Self-determination theory = Motivational orientations Social cognitive theory = Observational learning, self-efficacy Dual processing theory/nudge model = Reflective-impulsive model, automotive model</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MINDSPACE = A framework for nudges and behavior change Ego = We act in ways that make us feel better about ourselves Real world Priming = Advertising and product placement, language/ behaviour of staff Concrete goals = Being helpful</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiatives to improve attitudes = Value of exercise, likelihood of positive outcomes Initiatives to improve subjective norms = Supportive and similar group environment Initiatives to improve perceived behavioural control = Highlighting activity opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adults = Workplace Inactive = Clinic Very active = Club Children = Group vs individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transtheoretical model = Stages of change Social ecological model = Interactions between individual and environment Dual processing theory/nudge model = Behavioural dimension of all actions Theory of planned behaviour = Understanding individual's intention to perform a behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nudge Theory = Ability for an individual to maintain freedom of choice and control of decisions Dual Process Theory = Brain operating two systems, implicit (automatic), unconscious process and explicit (controlled), conscious process Automatic Processes = Based on associations in memory, patterned responses, innate needs/ desires Reflective Processes = Conscious decisions, attitudes, motivations and behaviours based on knowledge, values</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automaticity = Typical features of automatic process Incongruent Reflective and Automatic = Self‐control/ effort/ cognitive load required to put the behaviour back on track Changing Unhealthy Automatic Processes = Strong Resistant to change and difficult to measure Nudging and Stealth Strategies = Altering people’s behaviour in a predictable way without for bidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Messenger = Who is communicating the information Incentives = Losses are perceived as more important than gains in the short term Norms = We follow trends and behaviour of people around us Default = We ‘go with the flow’ more often than not</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nudge Theory = Used to influence behaviour subtly without restricting choice Dual Process Theory = Used to explain automatic and reflective thinking Automatic Processes = Evoked without the conscious intention of the individual to drive cognitive and behavioural responses Reflective Processes = Conscious decisions, attitudes, motivations and behaviours</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automaticity = Continuum of automatic process Incongruent Reflective and Automatic = Easier to drive behaviour if Automatic and Reflective responses are similar Nudging and Stealth Strategies = Acknowledges the role that the physical and social environment shape our behaviour Nudge Theory and Public Health = Strategy for governments to use to improve physical activity or reduce sedentary behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Messenger = Similarity between audience and messenger increase adherence Incentives = We instinctively go for the immediate incentive as opposed to the long‐term win Norms = Relate the norm to the target population as much as possible Default = Opt‐out campaigns more successful than opt‐in</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancer in Victoria: Statistics &amp; Trends 2013 = Cancer statistics in Victoria Supervised versus unsupervised exercise programs for ambulatory stroke survivors = Effect of different exercise programs on stroke survivors Compliance to exercise-oncology guidelines in prostate cancer survivors = Exercise guidelines for prostate cancer survivors An update of controlled physical activity trials in cancer survivors = Physical activity trials in cancer survivors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Precontemplation = People are not intending to take action in the foreseeable future, and can be unaware that their behaviour is problematic Contemplation = People are beginning to recognize that their behaviour is problematic, and start to look at the pros and cons of their continued actions Preparation = People are intending to take action in the immediate future, and may begin taking small steps toward behaviour change Maintenance = People have been able to sustain action for at least six months and are working to prevent relapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nudge Theory = It is based upon the idea that by shaping the environment, also known as the choice architecture, one can influence the likelihood that one option is chosen over another by individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ignores social context = The theory does not consider the social context in which change occurs, such as social economic status, income, culture, ethnicity, etc. Arbitrary stages = The lines between the stages can be arbitrary with no set criteria of how to determine a person's stage of change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Precontemplation = Not ready Contemplation = Getting ready Preparation = Ready</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Action = People have made specific overt modifications in modifying their problem behaviour or in acquiring new healthy behaviours</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transtheoretical Model = Exercise physiology and behavior change</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nudge Theory = Ability for an individual to maintain freedom of choice and to feel in control of the decisions they make Dual Process Theory = Our brain has two systems, often consisting of an implicit (automatic), unconscious process and an explicit (controlled), conscious process Automatic Processes = Based on associations in memory, patterned responses, innate needs/desires, evoked without the conscious intention of the individual Reflective Processes = Conscious decisions, attitudes, motivations and behaviours based on knowledge, values, structured by logic, social rules and deliberation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automatic = Evoked without the conscious intention of the individual Reflective = Structured by logic, social rules and deliberation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Messenger = Who is communicating the information. Similarity between audience and messenger increase adherence Incentives = Losses are perceived as more important than gains in the short term Norms = We follow trends and behaviour of people around us Default = We ‘go with the flow’ more often than not</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changing Unhealthy Automatic Processes = Strong Resistant to change, Difficult to measure Nudging and Stealth Strategies = Any aspect of choice architecture that alters people’s behaviour is a predictable way without for bidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives Nudge Theory and Public Health = What can we learn from the British experience Influencing behaviour: MINDSPACE = A helpful mnemonic for thinking about the effects on our behaviour that result from contextual (rather than cognitive) influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nudge Theory = Maintaining freedom of choice Dual Process Theory = Reflective and Automatic thinking Automatic Processes = Based on associations in memory Reflective Processes = Conscious decisions based on knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nudge Theory = A key factor is the ability for an individual to maintain freedom of choice and to feel in control of the decisions they make Automatic Processes = Evoked without the conscious intention of the individual to drive cognitive and behavioural responses Reflective Processes = Conscious decisions, attitudes, motivations and behaviours based on knowledge, values MINDSPACE = A helpful mnemonic for thinking about the effects on our behaviour that result from contextual (rather than cognitive) influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adherence to supervised program = 80.3% Exercise program impact = Improved cognitive functioning and reduced depressive symptoms Influence of clinician's referral = 80% reported that it influenced their decision to participate Exercise recommendation effect = Men were four times more likely to meet recommended levels of exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discussion during sessions = Based on the constructs of social cognitive theory Tailored exercise program = To encourage task self-efficacy, through mastery of behaviour Supervised exercise sessions = To increase self-efficacy Convenient gym locations = Lower barriers (eg., travel) to exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clinician endorsement of exercise = Important for patient participation Lack of confidence in ability to exercise = Observed following treatment Advice about exercise from clinicians = Few patients recalled receiving it Clinicians prescribing physical activity = Few did this or referred patients to exercise specialists</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One-on-one session with an exercise physiologist = Includes fitness testing 12-week program = Includes supervised exercise sessions and individual home-based physical activity Clinicians' role in intervention = Refer sequential patients to an Exercise Program Strategies to enhance adherence = Discussion of physical activity preferences, outcome expectations, goals, and strategies for overcoming barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary aim = To compare the efficacy of a clinician referral to a 12-week exercise physiologist-led exercise program with usual care, in improving the physical activity levels over a 12-month period</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Community-based exercise program impact = Improved strength and flexibility, resting heart rate Role functioning and hormonal symptoms = Independently predicted adherence ADT influence = Did not modify responses to exercise training</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theory of Planned Behaviour = Considers attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control Social cognitive theory = Views behaviour as an interaction of personal factors, behavior, and the environment Self-determination theory = Focuses on the motivation behind choices Social ecological model = Considers the interplay between individual and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salience = Something that is noticeable or prominent Priming = An external stimulus activates thoughts/ideas, which in turn prompt behaviour Affect = How much we like or enjoy a stimuli can automatically shape our actions Commitment = We seek to be consistent with our promises and publicly acknowledged commitments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiatives to improve attitudes = Value of exercise, likelihood of positive outcomes, beliefs about gender stereotypes Initiatives to improve subjective norms = Supportive and similar group environment, diverse representation Initiatives to improve perceived behavioural control = Highlighting activity opportunities, barrier identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adults = Workplace Inactive = Clinic Very active = Club Children = Group vs individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ego = We act in ways that make us feel better about ourselves or in a way that we feel makes us look better to important others MINDSPACE = A framework for nudges used whenever behaviour change is being considered Urban Design and SDT = The use of Self-Determination Theory in planning cities to promote active behaviors Theory Mapping = A group activity in VU collaborate where examples of theory mapping are given</p> Signup and view all the answers