Exploring Drug Discovery and Protein-Based Therapeutics
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of pharmacodynamics?

  • How drugs are discovered
  • How often we take a drug
  • Advantages of protein-based therapeutics
  • Effect of a drug on the body (correct)

    • Which area of therapeutics overlaps with pharmacology and involves the use of genes?

  • Protein-based Therapeutics
  • Cell Therapies (correct)
  • Chemistry-led Drug Discovery
  • Monoclonal Antibodies

    • Which approach is used to purify active ingredients from herbal remedies?

  • Using plant extracts directly
  • Screening plant drugs
  • Using animal products as drugs
  • Taking a known herbal remedy and extracting the active ingredient (correct)

    • What active ingredient is derived from the Cinchona tree?

    <p>Quinine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a microbe-derived drug?

    <p>Penicillin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug development approach involves selecting a chemical and screening it for biological activity?

    <p>Chemistry-led discovery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an advantage of protein-based therapeutics?

    <p>They have a limited potential for viral contamination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nomenclature for humanized antibodies?

    <p>-zumab (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using antivenin in treating snake and spider bites?

    <p>To neutralize the venom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of stem cell therapy?

    <p>Treatment of leukaemias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principle use of biochemical tests?

    <p>Treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a biomarker of myocardial infarction?

    <p>LDH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about analytes used in diagnosis?

    <p>They have lower concentration in plasma than in cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in energy production and is found in large amounts in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

    <p>Creatine kinase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for measuring enzymes in the bloodstream?

    <p>To detect cellular damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of isoenzymes?

    <p>They have different electrophoretic mobility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which isoenzyme is primarily used to assess cardiac damage following a myocardial infarction?

    <p>CK2 (MB) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme test is used to assess hepatic function?

    <p>Alanine aminotransferase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme test is used to diagnose myocardial infarction?

    <p>Lactate dehydrogenase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is the principal source of acid phosphatase?

    <p>Prostate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is used to assess bone and hepatobiliary disease?

    <p>Alkaline phosphatase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is more liver-specific and is often raised in cholestatic disease?

    <p>γ-GT (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two parameters are sometimes used together to 'prove' that liver disease is due to excess alcohol intake?

    <p>AST and ALT (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biochemical technique is commonly used to measure analytes in body fluids?

    <p>Spectrophotometric (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind thin-layer chromatography (TLC)?

    <p>The polar stationary phase has a higher affinity for solute A than solute B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a ligand that binds to a receptor and activates a biological response?

    <p>Agonist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of receptors?

    <p>They have affinity for their endogenous ligands at physiological concentrations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an antagonist in receptor-ligand interactions?

    <p>To prevent other ligands from binding to a receptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the ability of a ligand to bind to a target?

    <p>Affinity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does EC50 represent in a dose-response relationship?

    <p>The concentration of a drug that produces 50% of the maximum effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Kd and Ki in pharmacology?

    <p>Kd measures the dissociation constant of a ligand-receptor complex, while Ki measures the inhibition constant of a ligand-receptor interaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about receptor structure is correct?

    <p>Receptor structure has evolved over time to recognize specific ligands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between tissue response and the fraction of receptors occupied with agonist?

    <p>Tissue responses are generally directly proportional to the fraction of receptors occupied (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of binding studies in assessing drug-receptor interactions?

    <p>To directly measure the binding of radiolabeled drug to tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between efficacy/intrinsic activity and potency?

    <p>Efficacy/intrinsic activity refers to the ability to produce a response, while potency refers to the amount required to produce an effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a level of biological organization mentioned in the text?

    <p>Cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of cells mentioned in the text?

    <p>They are the basic building blocks of all living things (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the increase in the number of cells in growth and development?

    <p>Cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for maintaining a unique intracellular pH environment?

    <p>The cell membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for regulating the passage of molecules through the nuclear envelope?

    <p>The nuclear pores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

    <p>Protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is involved in the modification of proteins and lipids through glycosylation?

    <p>Golgi apparatus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle generates most of the cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Mitochondrion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains acid hydrolases and is responsible for digesting most biological molecules?

    <p>Lysosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell junction creates a seal between two cells, preventing leakage of content through the cell membrane?

    <p>Tight junction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subspecialty of pathology focuses on the study of tissues and their microscopic features?

    <p>Histopathology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of a pathologist?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding pathology important in clinical practice?

    <p>To diagnose diseases accurately (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a task performed by pathologists in a pathology lab?

    <p>Ordering tests for genetic abnormalities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an autopsy?

    <p>To define the cause of death (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a specimen that can be evaluated through cytopathology?

    <p>Fine needle aspirates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a hematopathologist primarily analyze?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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