53 Questions
What is the main focus of pharmacodynamics?
Effect of a drug on the body
Which area of therapeutics overlaps with pharmacology and involves the use of genes?
Cell Therapies
Which approach is used to purify active ingredients from herbal remedies?
Taking a known herbal remedy and extracting the active ingredient
What active ingredient is derived from the Cinchona tree?
Quinine
Which of the following is an example of a microbe-derived drug?
Penicillin
What type of drug development approach involves selecting a chemical and screening it for biological activity?
Chemistry-led discovery
Which of the following is an advantage of protein-based therapeutics?
They have a limited potential for viral contamination
What is the nomenclature for humanized antibodies?
-zumab
What is the purpose of using antivenin in treating snake and spider bites?
To neutralize the venom
What is the main application of stem cell therapy?
Treatment of leukaemias
Which of the following is NOT a principle use of biochemical tests?
Treatment
Which of the following is NOT a biomarker of myocardial infarction?
LDH
Which of the following is true about analytes used in diagnosis?
They have lower concentration in plasma than in cells
Which enzyme is involved in energy production and is found in large amounts in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?
Creatine kinase
What is the main reason for measuring enzymes in the bloodstream?
To detect cellular damage
Which of the following is a characteristic of isoenzymes?
They have different electrophoretic mobility
Which isoenzyme is primarily used to assess cardiac damage following a myocardial infarction?
CK2 (MB)
Which enzyme test is used to assess hepatic function?
Alanine aminotransferase
Which enzyme test is used to diagnose myocardial infarction?
Lactate dehydrogenase
Which enzyme is the principal source of acid phosphatase?
Prostate
Which enzyme is used to assess bone and hepatobiliary disease?
Alkaline phosphatase
Which enzyme is more liver-specific and is often raised in cholestatic disease?
γ-GT
Which two parameters are sometimes used together to 'prove' that liver disease is due to excess alcohol intake?
AST and ALT
Which biochemical technique is commonly used to measure analytes in body fluids?
Spectrophotometric
What is the principle behind thin-layer chromatography (TLC)?
The polar stationary phase has a higher affinity for solute A than solute B
Which term describes a ligand that binds to a receptor and activates a biological response?
Agonist
What is the main characteristic of receptors?
They have affinity for their endogenous ligands at physiological concentrations
What is the purpose of an antagonist in receptor-ligand interactions?
To prevent other ligands from binding to a receptor
Which term describes the ability of a ligand to bind to a target?
Affinity
What does EC50 represent in a dose-response relationship?
The concentration of a drug that produces 50% of the maximum effect
What is the difference between Kd and Ki in pharmacology?
Kd measures the dissociation constant of a ligand-receptor complex, while Ki measures the inhibition constant of a ligand-receptor interaction
Which of the following statements about receptor structure is correct?
Receptor structure has evolved over time to recognize specific ligands
What is the relationship between tissue response and the fraction of receptors occupied with agonist?
Tissue responses are generally directly proportional to the fraction of receptors occupied
What is the purpose of binding studies in assessing drug-receptor interactions?
To directly measure the binding of radiolabeled drug to tissue
What is the difference between efficacy/intrinsic activity and potency?
Efficacy/intrinsic activity refers to the ability to produce a response, while potency refers to the amount required to produce an effect
Which of the following is NOT a level of biological organization mentioned in the text?
Cell
What is the main characteristic of cells mentioned in the text?
They are the basic building blocks of all living things
What is the main reason for the increase in the number of cells in growth and development?
Cell division
Which organelle is responsible for maintaining a unique intracellular pH environment?
The cell membrane
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
All of the above
Which structure is responsible for regulating the passage of molecules through the nuclear envelope?
The nuclear pores
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Protein synthesis
Which organelle is involved in the modification of proteins and lipids through glycosylation?
Golgi apparatus
Which organelle generates most of the cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation?
Mitochondrion
Which organelle contains acid hydrolases and is responsible for digesting most biological molecules?
Lysosome
Which cell junction creates a seal between two cells, preventing leakage of content through the cell membrane?
Tight junction
Which subspecialty of pathology focuses on the study of tissues and their microscopic features?
Histopathology
What is the main role of a pathologist?
All of the above
Why is understanding pathology important in clinical practice?
To diagnose diseases accurately
Which of the following is NOT a task performed by pathologists in a pathology lab?
Ordering tests for genetic abnormalities
What is the purpose of an autopsy?
To define the cause of death
Which of the following is NOT a specimen that can be evaluated through cytopathology?
Fine needle aspirates
What does a hematopathologist primarily analyze?
All of the above
Test your knowledge on drug discovery and protein-based therapeutics with this quiz. Learn about the differences between chemistry-led and target-led drug discovery, the advantages and disadvantages of protein-based therapeutics, and more.
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