Exploring Basic Computer Components

• An elementary computer comprises fundamental components working in unison to execute tasks.
• These components include hardware and software, each with specific roles.

Basic Computer Components

• Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• The CPU is the brain of the computer, executing instructions and performing calculations.
• It consists of the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) for calculations and the control unit for managing operations.
• CPU performance is commonly measured in clock speed (GHz) and the number of cores.

Memory (RAM)

• Random Access Memory (RAM) is volatile memory used for temporary data storage.
• It allows quick access to data currently being used by the CPU.
• More RAM improves system responsiveness and the ability to run multiple applications simultaneously.

Storage Devices

• Storage devices are used for permanent data storage.
• Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) use magnetic platters to store data.
• Solid State Drives (SSDs) use flash memory, offering faster access times and greater durability.
• Storage capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB).

Input Devices

• Input devices allow users to enter data and commands.
• Keyboards are used for typing text and commands.
• Mice are used for pointing and clicking.
• Touchscreens, scanners, and microphones are also common input devices.

Output Devices

• Output devices display or present processed data.
• Monitors display visual output.
• Printers produce hard copies of documents.
• Speakers output audio.

Motherboard

• The motherboard serves as the central circuit board.
• It connects all components, facilitating communication between them.
• It includes sockets for the CPU, RAM, and expansion slots for additional peripherals.

Power Supply Unit (PSU)

• The PSU provides power to all components in the computer.
• It converts AC power from the wall outlet into DC power required by the computer.
• The PSU's wattage rating must be sufficient for all connected components.

Operating Systems

• An operating system (OS) is a software that manages hardware and software resources.
• It provides a platform for applications to run and facilitates user interaction.

Functions of an Operating System

• Resource management involves managing CPU time, memory, and storage.
• Process management controls the execution of applications.
• Device management handles communication with peripherals.
• File management organizes and stores files on storage devices.
• User interface provides a way for users to interact with the computer (GUI or command line).

Types of Operating Systems

• Windows is a widely used OS known for its compatibility and user-friendly interface.
• macOS is Apple's operating system, known for its design and integration with Apple hardware.
• Linux is an open-source OS that is flexible and customizable, popular in servers and embedded systems.
• Mobile OS include Android (Google) and iOS (Apple) for smartphones and tablets.

Key OS Concepts

• Kernel is the core of the OS, managing system resources.
• Drivers enable communication between the OS and hardware devices.
• System calls are requests made by applications to the OS kernel.
• Processes are instances of running programs.
• Threads are units of execution within a process.

Internet Basics

• The internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks.
• It enables communication and data exchange between devices worldwide.

Key Concepts

• IP Address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to each device on a network.
• Domain Name System (DNS) translates domain names (e.g., google.com) to IP addresses.
• Routers direct data packets between networks.
• Protocols are sets of rules governing data transmission (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS).

Internet Services

• World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of interconnected documents and resources accessed via the internet.
• Email allows electronic message exchange.
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used for transferring files between computers.
• Social media platforms enable social networking and content sharing.
• Video conferencing allows real-time audio and video communication.

Web Browsers

• Web browsers are software applications used to access the WWW.
• Popular browsers include Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge.
• Browsers interpret HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to display web pages.
• They also handle cookies and cache to improve browsing experience.

URLs

• Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) are addresses used to identify resources on the internet.
• A URL consists of a protocol, domain name, and path (e.g., https://www.example.com/page).

Computer Safety and Security

• Protecting computers and data from threats is crucial.

Types of Threats

• Malware includes viruses, worms, and Trojans, designed to harm or infiltrate systems.
• Phishing involves deceptive attempts to acquire sensitive information.
• Hacking involves unauthorized access to computer systems.
• Data breaches involve unauthorized disclosure of sensitive data.
• Social engineering manipulates individuals into divulging confidential information.

Security Measures

• Firewalls monitor and control network traffic to prevent unauthorized access.
• Antivirus software detects and removes malware.
• Strong passwords and multi-factor authentication (MFA) protect user accounts.
• Regular software updates patch security vulnerabilities.
• Encryption protects data confidentiality by encoding it.
• Backups ensure data recovery in case of loss or damage.
• Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) create secure connections over the internet.

Safe Practices

• Avoid clicking suspicious links or opening attachments from unknown sources.
• Use strong and unique passwords for each account.
• Enable two-factor authentication whenever possible.
• Be wary of phishing emails and phone calls.
• Keep software up to date.
• Regularly back up important data.

Software Applications

• Software applications are programs designed to perform specific tasks.

Types of Software

• System software manages hardware and provides services to other software.
• Application software perform tasks for users.
• Utility software helps manage, maintain, and control computer resources.

Categories of Application Software

• Word processors (e.g., Microsoft Word) create and edit documents.
• Spreadsheets (e.g., Microsoft Excel) organize and analyze data.
• Presentation software (e.g., Microsoft PowerPoint) create slideshows.
• Database management systems (DBMS) (e.g., MySQL) store and manage structured data.
• Graphics software (e.g., Adobe Photoshop) create and edit images.
• Web browsers (e.g., Chrome) access the internet.
• Email clients (e.g., Outlook) manage email.

Software Licensing

• Commercial software requires payment for use, often with licensing terms.
• Open-source software is available for free use, modification, and distribution.
• Freeware is free to use but may have restrictions on modification or distribution.
• Shareware is provided on a trial basis and may require payment for continued use.

Installation and Updates

• Software installation involves copying files to the computer and configuring settings.
• Software updates provide bug fixes, security patches, and new features.
• Automatic updates ensure that software is always up to date.