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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of experimentation in research?
Why must observations in research be objective?
What is the key feature of quantitative research?
Why is pseudoscience considered distinct from true scientific inquiry?
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What is required in an experiment to establish causal relationships?
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Which aspect was Hermann von Helmholtz known for in his work?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of non-scientific inference?
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What is the main assumption of the scientific mentality?
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Which of the following is an example of non-scientific data gathering?
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What does it mean for data to be empirical?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of non-scientific inference?
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What is the purpose of using scientific methodology in psychology?
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What did Wilhelm Wundt discover through his introspective method?
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What aspect of memory does the forgetting curve demonstrate?
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Which psychological school aimed to understand the basic elements of consciousness?
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What did Functionalism in psychology emphasize?
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Who is often credited as the founder of structuralism in psychology?
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What did Hermann Ebbinghaus pioneer in early scientific psychology?
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What principle explains why people perceive an incomplete circle as a whole?
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Which of the following was NOT influenced by World War II?
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What field of study enhances our understanding of cognitive processes by examining brain structure and activity?
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Which approach is used when experiments are not ethical or possible, or when testing hypotheses in realistic conditions?
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What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?
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Which of the following is NOT an application area influenced by cognitive psychology?
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What does behaviorism focus on?
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Who pioneered Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning?
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What is an example of classical conditioning mentioned in the text?
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Who founded Gestalt Psychology?
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What does Gestalt Psychology focus on?
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Which type of conditioning involves the association between a stimulus and a response?
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Study Notes
Scientific Methodology
- Observations must be objective to ensure strong agreement among raters.
- Measurement is the process of assigning numbers to objects, events, or their characteristics.
- Experimentation involves testing hypotheses and establishing cause-and-effect relationships.
- Experimentation requires creating at least two treatment conditions and randomly assigning subjects to these conditions.
Philosophy and Physiology
- Hermann von Helmholtz was a German physicist and physiologist who made significant contributions to physiology, particularly in vision, hearing, and nerve conduction.
- He also made contributions to physics, especially in the conservation of energy.
Common Sense vs. Scientific Method
- Scientific methodology involves collecting and evaluating data using scientific techniques.
- Common sense psychology relies on non-scientific data gathering and non-scientific inference.
- Examples of non-scientific thinking include the gambler's fallacy, stereotyping, overconfidence bias, and overusing trait explanations.
Characteristics of Modern Science
- The scientific mentality assumes that behavior follows a natural order and can be predicted.
- Data are empirical when observed or experienced.
Early Psychology
- Wilhelm Wundt conducted introspective experiments to understand how people interpret visual stimuli based on personal experiences and mental associations.
- Hermann Ebbinghaus pioneered memory research, demonstrating the forgetting curve and the importance of spaced repetition.
Schools of Psychology
- Structuralism: aimed to understand the basic elements of consciousness and how they come together to form complex mental experiences.
- Functionalism: emphasized studying how mental processes and behaviors help individuals adapt to their environment and achieve goals.
Modern Trends
- Cognitive Psychology: influences modern trends in technology design, education strategies, behavioral economics, healthcare interventions, and neuroscience research.
- Neuroscience: enhances cognitive psychology by studying how the brain's structure and activity relate to cognitive functions.
Non-Experimental Designs
- Non-experimental approaches analyze how variables interact without creating levels of an independent variable or randomly assigning subjects.
- Examples include studying how memory, attention, social interactions, emotions, and motivation play functional roles in real-world environments.
Behaviorism and Gestalt Psychology
- Behaviorism: focuses on studying observable behaviors influenced by external stimuli, emphasizes objective and measurable data, and introduces concepts like conditioning.
- Gestalt Psychology: focused on how humans perceive the world as meaningful wholes rather than individual parts, studying perceptual organization and insight in problem-solving.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the need for scientific methodology, scientific techniques for data collection and evaluation, and the difference between scientific and nonscientific data gathering in psychology.
