Experimental Psychology and Scientific Methods
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Questions and Answers

What describes the feeling of being overly confident about conclusions drawn from data?

  • Gambler's fallacy
  • Overconfidence bias (correct)
  • Trait explanations
  • Commonsense psychology

Which method involves gathering data that may not follow a natural order, leading to erroneous conclusions?

  • Empirical approach
  • Scientific method
  • Predictive modeling
  • Nonscientific inference (correct)

What term is used to describe data that can be observed or experienced?

  • Predictive data
  • Nonscientific data
  • Theoretical data
  • Empirical data (correct)

Who argued that behavior follows a natural order, which can be predicted?

<p>Alfred North Whitehead (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What illustrates the common issue of drawing incorrect conclusions without recognizing data limitations?

<p>Stereotyping (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fallacy incorrectly assumes that past random events influence future outcomes?

<p>Gambler's fallacy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach can be considered superior to commonsense psychology in the context of empirical investigation?

<p>Scientific method (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the relationship between opposites in psychology?

<p>Opposites attract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of modus tollens enable us to do?

<p>Disprove statements using a single contrary observation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four main objectives of science?

<p>Manipulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these accurately describes replication in psychological research?

<p>A systematic repetition of a previous study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of observation in psychological science is highlighted as crucial?

<p>It must be systematic and objective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of measurement in the context of psychological science?

<p>The assignment of numbers to objects or events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best encapsulates the nature of experimentation in psychological science?

<p>It tests predictions and establishes cause-and-effect relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can science never prove a statement definitively?

<p>Because future contradictory observations may arise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research tests theories and explains psychological phenomena such as helping behavior?

<p>Basic research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gambler's fallacy?

<p>The belief that one can predict outcomes based on previous events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to unwarranted dispositional attributions?

<p>Overusing trait explanations for behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a theory in scientific terms?

<p>An interim explanation that integrates related statements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does stereotyping affect our understanding of an individual's abilities?

<p>It disregards the complexity of individual differences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of parsimony in research?

<p>The preference for the simplest useful explanation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research focuses on real-world problems?

<p>Applied research. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception related to individual behavior and traits?

<p>All traits are equally influential in all scenarios. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of good thinking in scientific methods?

<p>Increased accuracy in explanation and prediction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Commonsense Psychology

A way of thinking where we use personal experiences and intuition to explain behavior, often without rigorous evidence.

Scientific Data

Gathering facts using scientific methods, like controlled experiments.

Nonscientific Inference

Using information from personal experiences, anecdotes, and intuition to explain events.

Scientific Mentality

The belief that events, including behavior, follow a predictable pattern and can be studied systematically.

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Empirical Data

Data that is directly observed or experienced, not based on assumptions or theories.

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Overconfidence Bias

The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our own judgments and beliefs.

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Gambler's Fallacy

The belief that past events influence future events, even when they are independent.

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Overuse of Trait Explanations

Using personality traits to explain behavior, often overlooking situational factors.

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Dispositional Attribution

Attributing someone's behavior solely to their personality traits, ignoring the role of the situation.

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Stereotyping

Using simplified and often inaccurate generalizations about entire groups of people. These assumptions can lead to prejudice and discrimination.

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Principle of Parsimony

Using the simplest explanation that accounts for the data, avoiding unnecessary complexity.

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Theory

A well-supported explanation that explains and predicts phenomena. Theories are constantly refined and tested through research.

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Scientific Law

A well-established and universally accepted statement in science, often expressed as a mathematical equation.

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Good Thinking

A scientific process that aims to collect data, analyze information, and draw conclusions in a systematic and objective manner.

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Applied Research

Research that focuses on solving real-world problems and finding practical solutions. It often directly impacts people's lives.

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Parsimony

The principle that a theory with fewer assumptions is preferable to one with more, as long as it explains the data equally well.

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Modus Tollens

A method of scientific reasoning where a single contradictory observation can disprove a general statement or theory.

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Replication

The process of repeating a study to see if the results are consistent. It increases our confidence in the findings.

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Observation in Science

A systematic way of recording events or behaviors. It must be clear, objective, and repeatable.

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Measurement in Science

Assigning numbers to objects or events to quantify them. It allows for more precise analysis.

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Experimentation

A research method used to establish cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating an independent variable and measuring its impact on a dependent variable.

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Prediction in Science

The ability to predict when certain behaviors will occur based on existing knowledge.

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Explanation in Science

Understanding the factors that reliably produce a behavior. It goes beyond simply knowing what happens.

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Study Notes

Experimental Psychology and the Scientific Method

  • Science combines content and process, methodology uses techniques for data collection and evaluation.
  • Data are facts gathered using scientific methods.
  • Commonsense psychology involves nonscientific data gathering, using nonscientific sources and inferences. An example is believing "opposites attract."
  • Nonscientific inference uses information to explain or predict behavior (e.g., gambler's fallacy, trait overuse, stereotyping, overconfidence bias).
  • Overconfidence bias leads to more confidence in conclusions than warranted by data, potentially creating erroneous conclusions due to unrecognized data limitations.
  • Scientific methodology assumes behaviour follows a natural order, allowing prediction. Data is empirical when observed or experienced.
  • Galileo's empirical approach, contrasting Aristotle's method, correctly concluded that light and heavy objects fall at the same rate in a vacuum.
  • A law states relations between variables with strong empirical support (e.g., Laws of Thermodynamics).
  • A theory is an interim explanation and set of related statements used to predict and explain phenomena.
  • Good thinking uses systematic, objective, and rational data collection and interpretation methods.

Principles of Science

  • The principle of parsimony favors simplest explanations.
  • Science advances through revising theories based on evidence, meaning science is self-correcting.

Scientific Method Tools

  • Modus Tollens allows disproving statements using a single contrary observation. Replication involves exact or systematic study repetition to increase confidence in results.
  • Description, Prediction, Explanation, and Control are the four main goals of science.
  • Description involves unbiased behavior documentation. Prediction is the ability to anticipate behavior occurrences under specific conditions. Explanation is knowing conditions reliably producing behavior. Control is influencing behavior using scientific knowledge.

Research Types

  • Applied Research aims to solve real-world problems (e.g., student graduation rates). Basic Research examines psychological phenomena like helping behavior.
  • Observation, measurement, and experimentation are key tools of psychological science. Systematic methods are used for observation, and events should be observable, and objective. Measurable data assigns numerical values to events or characteristics.

Experiments

  • Experiments create at least two treatment conditions to which participants are randomly assigned.
  • Extraneous variables must be accounted for to measure intended outcomes.
  • Causation can't be established solely with correlation analysis, requiring experiment-based methods.
  • Temporal precedence is required to establish cause-and-effect relationships, where causes precede effects.
  • Pseudoscience lacks a true scientific basis. Some examples are past-life regression, re-parenting and rebirthing.

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Experimental Psychology Chapter 1 PDF

Description

This quiz explores the intersection of experimental psychology and the scientific method. It covers data collection techniques, commonsense psychology, and the pitfalls of nonscientific inference, including biases like overconfidence. Learn how empirical data and scientific laws inform our understanding of behavior.

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