Biol 208 Lab Exam

<p>There must be at least one control and one treatment group. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feasibility, Interest, Novelty, Ethics, Relevance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statistical tests are used to determine the significance of results. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measuring effects of different water pH levels on plant health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparing the impact of predators on prey populations in different ecosystems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small, sessile or relatively sedentary organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for estimating population size of relatively large and mobile organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innovation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower light availabilities will negatively impact plant biodiversity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An adequate methodology that aligns with technical and time resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organisms must be marked uniquely and recaptured without major loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It fails to engage the attention of the research community (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The level at which observations are made from experimental units. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random sampling eliminates any potential bias in selection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of times a treatment is independently applied. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Performing multiple measurements on the same experimental unit without increasing statistical power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combination sampling blends features of both random and systematic methods for greater accuracy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A method for systematic sampling that uses a pre-defined shape. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It accurately reflects the entire population under study. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Single plant receiving a specific type of fertilizer in a study. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amount of light penetration/canopy coverage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Average understory plant species richness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three open and three closed plots (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combination design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance the reliability of the results through repeated measures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A single count value of the number of individual species present in each quadrat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Randomization and replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Randomized locations of open and closed canopy sites within the valley (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To neutralize effects from outside variables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The variable that is manipulated to observe its effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Performing the same treatment on several experimental units (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to limitations in time, budget, and resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To establish a clear relationship between dependent and independent variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The different conditions being tested in the experiment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dependent variables are directly manipulated by the researcher (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It limits the extent of replication and sample sizes that can be achieved (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spread of data points around the mean. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of obtaining a result at least as extreme as the observed one, assuming the null hypothesis is true. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They communicate the variability and central tendency of data effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It affects the type of analysis that can be performed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The average of all observations calculated by dividing the sum by the number of observations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>95.4%. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates the range in which the mean of a sample is likely to fall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The likelihood of observing data as extreme as yours if the null hypothesis is true. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sx = s / √n (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P-value greater than or equal to 0.05. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased sample size results in a smaller confidence interval. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Count/enumeration data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The critical value from the t-table. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P-value must be less than or equal to the alpha value. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates the number of categories minus one. (A), It determines the critical value for the test statistics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It must be testable and simple. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The observed frequency in a category (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By considering various implications of the hypothesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates whether variables interact positively or negatively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One species may eventually eliminate the other from their overlapping habitat. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fundamental niches encompass all possible conditions, whereas realized niches are the actual conditions occupied. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One species may become extinct in areas where their ranges overlap. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The variety of available resources that a species can exploit. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One species of birds displaces another from nests in a shared tree. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Including potential outcomes and mechanisms of competition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two species exploit the exact same set of resources in the same area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narrow coexistence with several other species in the same niche. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for quick measurements in small, non-motile populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Counting fish in a large lake. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both the size of quadrats and the count of individuals must be known precisely. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By multiplying the average number sampled by the total area. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The precision and representation of the sampled area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It offers a less accurate representation for clumped populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Larger sample sizes always guarantee more accurate results. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clumped distribution due to resource availability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It approaches a steady value and flattens out. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The curve flattens indicating diminishing returns on sample contributions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sample mean has closely approximated the true population mean. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By identifying the point where further samples add little change to the cumulative mean. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a method for estimating the true population mean based on several samples. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates that the mean is representative of the entire population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in the accuracy of the estimates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The samples collected are not representative of the population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows better representation of the population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systematic sampling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid increases in accuracy with additional samples. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uniform populations require fewer samples than clumped ones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maximum information for minimum effort is essential. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random sampling ensures representative samples from heterogeneous populations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More small or medium-sized samples enhance accuracy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may require more samples to achieve accurate estimates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It cannot survive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A range where growth and reproduction are maximized. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Make morphological adjustments to adapt to changing environments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When it encounters physiologically stressful conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Redirect resources towards root growth to access nutrients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They create conditions affecting plants' survival and growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Survival, no growth or reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth only signifies lost reproductive capabilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to reduced seed viability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three different treatment strengths should be implemented. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The environmental influence on phenotypic traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying specific ecological questions and expected responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a baseline for comparison with treated samples. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some plants develop thicker leaves while others produce fewer flowers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It affects water drainage and light exposure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The marked individuals must be evenly distributed throughout the population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abundance of other species in the area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling the water supply to create a uniform treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain plants exhibit plastic responses while others do not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Including a control group that experiences no stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tracking the growth rate of plants over time without any disturbance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights that resources cannot be allocated to reproduction and growth simultaneously. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of competing species in the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using ANOVA for comparing means among multiple treatment groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>(t statistic, df, p-value) (B), (t_df=, p=) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is essential to collect all necessary equipment before proceeding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starting data analysis and statistical testing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensuring your variable range selections include data labels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are considering the significance of extreme values in both tails of the distribution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To compare the means of two independent samples. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pooled standard error of the two samples. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When analyzing categorical data for frequency distribution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The likelihood that the observed differences are due to chance is low. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantitative data and sample sizes greater than 50. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feasibility and ethical evaluation of research. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It facilitates the calculation of statistical values without manual computations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When determining if two groups of measurements differ in average size. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correlation shows that two variables are related without implying a direct cause. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the researcher has established a causal hypothesis between variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The percentage of variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A statistical correlation analysis must have been conducted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates the probability that the observed data would occur under the null hypothesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When both variables are influenced by a third common factor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using regression results as evidence for causation without further testing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By considering existing theories and establishing potential cause-effect links. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causation implies a direct influence, while correlation does not establish direct influence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher temperatures increase the breeding rate of mosquitoes, leading to more disease cases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The percentage of variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The error terms must be homoscedastic and normally distributed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A p-value indicates the probability that the observed data occurred by chance under the null hypothesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Establishing a clear cause-and-effect prediction based on known literature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps validate that the results are not due to random chance, thus impacting health recommendations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regression analysis does not account for any external influences outside the studied variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shows the strength of the linear relationship between x and y. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The slope of the line. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The null hypothesis cannot be rejected, suggesting no significant relationship. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correlation cannot quantify relationships between variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>85% of the variance in the dependent variable can be explained by the independent variable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining the nature of the relationship before collecting data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The coefficient of determination (r²), degrees of freedom, and p-value. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To summarize the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a robust pairwise comparison of means (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The means are not significantly different (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enter data into Excel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mean 1 is not significantly different from Mean 2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excel lacks the capability to run Tukey HSD tests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Letters must correspond to Tukey HSD test results (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It controls for the increased error rate from multiple comparisons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To illustrate statistical trends and group differences clearly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ratio of between-groups variation to within-groups variation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine which specific group means are significantly different (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P-value (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The comparison of means visually across groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All group means are equal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arranging data in rows (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides multiple comparisons among group means (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To establish the threshold for statistical significance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To compare the means of more than two groups simultaneously. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining whether there are significant differences between pairs of group means. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most researchers are familiar with Excel, facilitating easier data manipulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ratio of variance between the groups to the variance within the groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To simplify the comparison of means by indicating which are significantly different from each other. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specific abiotic variable being manipulated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It sets the theoretical maximum size of a population at a specific location. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effect of resource limitations on growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Logistic growth incorporates carrying capacity in its calculations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pattern of survival across different age groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased growth rate as population density increases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is reduced as resources become scarce. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$N_t = \frac{K}{1 + (K - 1)e^{-r_{max}t}}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To calculate survival patterns and understand mortality rates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The age at time of death for a cohort of individuals from different birth periods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A small population size with abundant resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental resistance such as resource availability and competition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By dividing the number of individuals surviving to day x by the initial number of individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$N_t = N_0e^{rt}$ (A), $rac{dN}{dt}$ = $rN$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A graphical representation of the number of individuals surviving at each age for a given population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases the per capita birth rate as population density increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the base for natural logarithms, necessary for growth calculations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To track the mortality rates of individuals born at the same time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type III (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Logistic growth shows a slowing rate as resources become limited. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors that become more effective as a population increases in size. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constant mortality rate throughout life stages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Following individuals until the entire cohort is extinct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals that died (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extracellular breakdown by specific enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the metabolic rate of soil microorganisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It removes water-soluble minerals and sugars from decomposing material. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a primary mechanism for recycling carbon from organic matter. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of heavy metals in soil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple sugars are more soluble and decompose quickly compared to lignin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Availability of oxygen in the soil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The balance of carbon to nitrogen in plant litter for efficient decomposition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It slows down decomposition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poplar leaves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lowered atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grassland ecosystem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Burning of fossil fuels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both decompose at the same rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paleozoic Era (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bioavailability of nutrients and moisture levels (A), The presence of earthworms and soil salinity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbes convert organic compounds back into carbon dioxide and water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A balanced C:N ratio enhances soil respiration by facilitating nutrient availability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical weathering of rocks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased temperatures might enhance soil respiration but reduce microbial stability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soil respiration releases carbon dioxide, which can enhance greenhouse gas concentrations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher biodiversity typically leads to greater soil respiration through mixed microbial communities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive moisture can lead to anaerobic conditions, reducing respiration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An experiment where measurements are made on existing conditions to find patterns in the data.

An experiment where a variable is purposefully changed to examine its effect.

The group in a manipulative experiment that does not receive the treatment or variable being tested.

The group in a manipulative experiment that receives the treatment or variable being tested.

A plan for collecting data that ensures reliable results, when conducting experiments.

Measuring deer density in different habitats to see which habitat is preferred.

Experiments can test various levels of a treatment or multiple treatments simultaneously.

Using statistical tests to determine the significance of the results from experiments.

To answer what to measure, how to measure it, and how many samples are needed for reliable results.

The variable manipulated to see its effect on another variable (dependent variable).

The variable that is measured and expected to change due to the independent variable.

Randomly assigning treatments to experimental units to reduce bias from other factors.

Repeating treatments multiple times to account for natural variation and increase result accuracy.

Different levels of a factor (or combinations of factors) that are compared to understand their effects.

Finding the ideal sample size balancing the need for statistical validity against resource constraints (time, budget, effort).

Controlling extraneous variables to isolate the effect of the manipulated variable and increase experimental certainty.

The physical unit that receives a specific treatment. It's the thing being tested, like a plant or a plot of land.

The level at which observations are made. This is where you take your measurements, often one per experimental unit.

Taking repeated measurements on the same experimental unit, which doesn't increase statistical power.

A sample that accurately represents the entire population by ensuring each individual has an equal chance of being selected.

A large enough sample to reliably represent the whole population and avoid random variations.

A method where each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

A method where samples are taken at regular intervals across the study area.

A method used to study the abundance and distribution of organisms in a specific area, especially for small, non-mobile organisms like plants.

A technique for estimating the population size of mobile organisms by capturing, marking, releasing, and recapturing individuals.

A system for evaluating an experimental design based on its Feasibility, Interest, Novelty, Ethics, and Relevance.

An experiment that is practically possible to conduct with sufficient resources and time.

An experiment that is engaging and relevant to the researchers and the scientific community.

An experiment that produces original findings, generates new hypotheses, or addresses a gap in existing knowledge.

An experiment that complies with ethical guidelines and safeguards the well-being of all participants.

An experiment that generates valuable knowledge, stimulates further research, and provides an accurate answer to a specific question.

Repeating a treatment on multiple experimental units to gain a more reliable and representative result. It helps reduce the influence of random variation.

A type of experimental design where you pre-select experimental units based on some characteristic and then randomly assign treatments within those groups.

A set of criteria to evaluate the feasibility, interestingness, novel, ethical, and relevant aspects of a research question, ensuring the experiment is well-designed and worthwhile.

The use of mathematical methods to analyze experimental data, identify patterns, and determine the significance of the results. It helps researchers draw conclusions about the relationship between variables and the validity of the experiment.

Statistics are used in biology to analyze data and understand patterns. They help to rule out false patterns, account for variability in data, and communicate results effectively.

The average value of a dataset, calculated by summing all observations and dividing by the total number of observations.

A measure of how spread out the data is around the mean. A higher standard deviation means data is more dispersed.

The average squared deviation of values from the mean. A higher variance indicates greater variability in the data.

A bell-shaped curve where most observations cluster around the average. 68.3% of data lies within one standard deviation of the mean.

The probability of obtaining the observed results, assuming there is no effect or difference. A low p-value (typically <0.05) indicates statistically significant results.

Data that can take any value within a range, like height or temperature.

Data that can only take specific values, often whole numbers, like the number of leaves on a plant.

A range of values around a sample statistic (like the mean) that is likely to contain the true population value. The width of this range reflects the uncertainty of the estimate.

A measure of how much the sample mean is likely to vary from the true population mean. It accounts for both the variability of the sample and the sample size.

A statement that there is no difference or no relationship between the groups or variables being studied. It's assumed to be true until proven otherwise.

Deciding that the observed results are unlikely if the null hypothesis were true, suggesting there's a real effect or relationship. This happens when the p-value is less than the significance level (alpha, typically 0.05).

Deciding that the observed results are not convincing enough to reject the null hypothesis. This occurs when the p-value is greater than the significance level (alpha).

Data that can take on any value within a range and can be measured using a continuous scale. It's often represented by numbers with decimals.

Data that involves counting whole numbers. It cannot be measured on a continuous scale and can only take on specific values.

Used to determine if observed data matches expected values for categories. Calculates if a preference for one category exists.

A testable explanation for an observed phenomenon, must be simple, robust, and testable.

What you expect to see if your hypothesis is true. Can have multiple predictions from one hypothesis.

Whether you think your variables interact positively or negatively (e.g., higher, lower, more, less, increased, decreased).

A biological explanation for the relationship between your variables.

The full range of environmental conditions where an organism could survive, without competition from other species.

The actual range of environmental conditions a species does occupy, taking into account competition with other species.

The outcome of competition where one species eliminates another from a shared habitat due to resource limitations.

There are three possible outcomes: extinction of the less competitive species, allopatric distribution, or sympatric distribution with resource shift.

Species live in different geographic areas, with no overlap in their ranges.

Species live in the same geographic area and their ranges overlap.

The range of resources a species uses to survive.

The degree to which two species share the same resources.

A graph plotting the cumulative mean value of a trait (e.g., species count) against the number of samples taken, showing how the mean stabilizes as more samples are collected.

The average value calculated by summing the total number of objects encountered and dividing it by the total number of samples up to that point.

Assessing whether enough samples have been collected to represent the true population mean accurately, based on the performance curve.

The performance curve reaches a plateau, meaning adding more samples doesn't significantly change the cumulative mean, indicating you've likely captured a good representation of the population.

The cumulative mean has stabilized and additional sampling is unlikely to significantly change the estimate of the true population mean.

It ensures that the data collected accurately represents the entire population and that further sampling won't significantly change the findings.

If you're studying the number of bird species in a forest and the performance curve flattens out after 10 samples, you can conclude that 10 samples will be sufficient to estimate the true average number of bird species in the forest.

The variability of the population, the desired level of precision, and the resources available for sampling.

A method for estimating population density of relatively small, sessile or sedentary organisms by counting individuals within defined square areas.

The number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume. It tells you how crowded a population is.

The dimensions of the square area used in quadrat sampling. It should be large enough to capture a reasonable number of individuals, but small enough to be manageable.

Quadrats must be chosen randomly or systematically to ensure they accurately reflect the entire study area.

Using the average density from quadrats, we can estimate the total population size for the whole study area.

Estimating the population density of the entire area based on the average density found within quadrat samples. This is similar to 'scaling up' from a small sample to the whole population.

Using the average density (individuals per unit area) and the total area, we can calculate the estimated population size.

Indicates that adding more samples is unlikely to significantly change the estimate of the true population mean.

The variability of the population, the desired level of precision, and the resources available for sampling can all influence how many samples are needed.

The entire range of environmental conditions in which a plant can survive.

The specific set of conditions that maximize both growth and reproduction for a plant.

Environments outside of a plant's optimal range where it must allocate more energy to survival.

The ability of a plant to adjust its physical traits in response to changing environmental conditions.

When a plant must allocate its energy between different processes, like growth and reproduction, based on environmental conditions.

A type of plant used in this experiment, closely related to broccoli, cabbage, canola, and the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana.

Non-living components of the environment that can influence plant growth.

Factors that are important for plant survival and growth in their natural environment.

Organisms have a range of tolerance for every environmental factor, with an optimum level.

The level or intensity of the abiotic factor applied in an experiment, often varied across multiple treatment groups.

The factor being measured in an experiment to see how it changes in response to the manipulated variable.

The idea that organisms may benefit from a particular adaptation or behavior, but it may also come with a cost, such as decreased reproduction or survival.

A population estimation technique where individuals are captured, marked, released, and then recaptured later to estimate population size.

Using various techniques, like mark-recapture or quadrat sampling, to estimate the total number of individuals in a population.

A statistical test used to compare the means of two groups. It helps determine if there's a significant difference between the groups.

Degrees of freedom in a t-test, representing the number of independent observations available to estimate the population variance. It's calculated as the total number of observations minus the number of groups.

The process of examining, interpreting, and summarizing collected data using statistical methods. It involves checking for patterns, calculating statistics, and drawing conclusions from the results.

A biological explanation for the relationship between your variables. What's the biological process behind the effect?

The straight line that minimizes the distance of each data point from the line in a linear regression. It represents the trend in the relationship between two variables.

The coefficient of determination, ranging from 0 to +1, that indicates the strength of the linear relationship between two variables. A higher r² value (closer to +1) indicates a stronger relationship.

The point where the regression line crosses the y-axis. It represents the value of the dependent variable when the independent variable is zero.

The rate of change of the dependent variable (y) with respect to the independent variable (x). It shows how much the y variable changes for every one unit increase in the x variable.

A mathematical equation that describes the relationship between two variables, represented by the line of best fit. It allows for predicting the value of one variable based on the value of the other.

Estimating values within the observed range of data using the regression equation. It allows for predicting values that were not directly measured.

An Excel tool that provides statistical analysis functions, including linear regression, for analyzing data and drawing conclusions.

A statistical relationship where two variables change together. This does not necessarily mean one causes the other, they may both be influenced by a common factor.

One variable directly influences another. Changes in the first variable lead to changes in the second.

A statistical method used to find the relationship between two variables, assuming one causes the other. It can be used to predict how one variable will change based on changes in the other.

A statistical method used to examine the relationship between two variables and determine the strength and direction of their relationship.

The proportion of a population that has a particular disease or condition at a specific time.

The severity of a disease, measured by the number of deaths or other serious complications that result.

The spread of a disease from one organism to another.

The study of how diseases are distributed and spread in natural populations, considering factors like climate, host populations, and environmental conditions.

A model showing the three components needed for a disease to occur: a pathogen, a susceptible host, and a conducive environment.

A disease spread through the bite or other contact with an infected animal called a vector (e.g., mosquitoes, ticks).

The study of how disease populations grow, spread, and decline, considering factors that affect both the pathogen and its host.

A prediction that one variable (cause) directly influences another variable (effect).

Online databases where scientific data is stored and made publicly available.

A statistical test used to compare multiple group means after a significant ANOVA result. It compares all pairs of means, controlling for the possibility of false positives.

Letters assigned to mean values in a bar graph to indicate which groups are statistically different from each other. Means sharing the same letter are not significantly different.

An online statistical calculator used to perform the Tukey HSD Post-Hoc test, which Excel doesn't have.

To determine which specific groups of means (from an ANOVA) are significantly different from each other, controlling for multiple comparisons.

1. Go to Vassarstats.net
2. Select ANOVA -> One-way ANOVA
3. Enter number of means, select Independent Samples
4. Enter data manually, click Calculate
5. Scroll to Tukey HSD Test Output

1. Extinction of the less competitive species
2. Allopatric distribution - Species live in different areas
3. Sympatric distribution with resource shift - Species live in the same area but use different resources

It means that adding more samples is unlikely to significantly change the estimate of the true population mean, suggesting you have captured enough data to accurately represent the population.

A statistical measure comparing the variation between groups to the variation within groups. It helps determine if there are significant differences between the means of multiple groups.

The assumption that there is no significant difference between the means of all the groups being compared.

A statistical test performed after ANOVA to determine which specific groups are significantly different from each other.

A popular post-hoc test used to compare all possible pairs of group means after a one-way ANOVA.

The difference between the means of each group and the overall mean of all data points.

The scatter of data points around the mean of each individual group.

An Excel add-in used to perform various statistical analyses, including ANOVA.

A concise summary of the ANOVA results, including the F-statistic, degrees of freedom, and p-value.

A statistical test used to compare means across more than two groups. It determines if there are significant differences between treatment groups.

Factors that limit population growth based on the population density, like competition for resources, disease, or predation.

The maximum population size a particular environment can sustainably support given available resources.

Population growth that slows down and levels off as it approaches carrying capacity, forming an S-shaped curve.

A graph showing the proportion of individuals surviving to different ages in a population.

A group of individuals born around the same time that are followed through their lifespan in a life table.

The average number of offspring produced by individuals of a specific age in a population.

A table that tracks the age at death for a group of individuals born at different times, providing insight into mortality patterns over time.

A pattern of growth where a population increases at a constant rate, often seen in populations with abundant resources and little competition.

A pattern of growth where a population initially increases rapidly but eventually levels off due to resource limitations and competition.

The rate at which a population is growing per individual, reflecting the balance between births and deaths.

The changes in a population's size over time are influenced by four primary factors: Births (B), Immigration (I), Deaths (D), and Emigration (E).

A data table tracking the survival and mortality rates of a group of individuals (cohort) born around the same time.

The equation $N_{t+1} = N_t + B + I - D - E$ describes how the size of a population ($N_t$) changes over time based on the factors of births (B), immigration (I), deaths (D), and emigration (E).