Biol 208 Lab Exam

<p>There must be at least one control and one treatment group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feasibility, Interest, Novelty, Ethics, Relevance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statistical tests are used to determine the significance of results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measuring effects of different water pH levels on plant health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparing the impact of predators on prey populations in different ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small, sessile or relatively sedentary organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for estimating population size of relatively large and mobile organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innovation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower light availabilities will negatively impact plant biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An adequate methodology that aligns with technical and time resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organisms must be marked uniquely and recaptured without major loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It fails to engage the attention of the research community</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The level at which observations are made from experimental units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random sampling eliminates any potential bias in selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of times a treatment is independently applied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Performing multiple measurements on the same experimental unit without increasing statistical power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combination sampling blends features of both random and systematic methods for greater accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A method for systematic sampling that uses a pre-defined shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It accurately reflects the entire population under study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Single plant receiving a specific type of fertilizer in a study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amount of light penetration/canopy coverage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Average understory plant species richness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three open and three closed plots</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combination design</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance the reliability of the results through repeated measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A single count value of the number of individual species present in each quadrat</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Randomization and replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Randomized locations of open and closed canopy sites within the valley</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To neutralize effects from outside variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The variable that is manipulated to observe its effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Performing the same treatment on several experimental units</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to limitations in time, budget, and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To establish a clear relationship between dependent and independent variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The different conditions being tested in the experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dependent variables are directly manipulated by the researcher</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It limits the extent of replication and sample sizes that can be achieved</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spread of data points around the mean.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of obtaining a result at least as extreme as the observed one, assuming the null hypothesis is true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They communicate the variability and central tendency of data effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It affects the type of analysis that can be performed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The average of all observations calculated by dividing the sum by the number of observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>95.4%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates the range in which the mean of a sample is likely to fall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The likelihood of observing data as extreme as yours if the null hypothesis is true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sx = s / √n</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P-value greater than or equal to 0.05.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased sample size results in a smaller confidence interval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Count/enumeration data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The critical value from the t-table.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P-value must be less than or equal to the alpha value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates the number of categories minus one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It must be testable and simple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The observed frequency in a category</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By considering various implications of the hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates whether variables interact positively or negatively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One species may eventually eliminate the other from their overlapping habitat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fundamental niches encompass all possible conditions, whereas realized niches are the actual conditions occupied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One species may become extinct in areas where their ranges overlap.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The variety of available resources that a species can exploit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One species of birds displaces another from nests in a shared tree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Including potential outcomes and mechanisms of competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two species exploit the exact same set of resources in the same area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narrow coexistence with several other species in the same niche.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for quick measurements in small, non-motile populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Counting fish in a large lake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both the size of quadrats and the count of individuals must be known precisely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By multiplying the average number sampled by the total area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The precision and representation of the sampled area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It offers a less accurate representation for clumped populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Larger sample sizes always guarantee more accurate results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clumped distribution due to resource availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It approaches a steady value and flattens out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The curve flattens indicating diminishing returns on sample contributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sample mean has closely approximated the true population mean.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By identifying the point where further samples add little change to the cumulative mean.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a method for estimating the true population mean based on several samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates that the mean is representative of the entire population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in the accuracy of the estimates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The samples collected are not representative of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows better representation of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systematic sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid increases in accuracy with additional samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uniform populations require fewer samples than clumped ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maximum information for minimum effort is essential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random sampling ensures representative samples from heterogeneous populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More small or medium-sized samples enhance accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may require more samples to achieve accurate estimates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It cannot survive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A range where growth and reproduction are maximized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Make morphological adjustments to adapt to changing environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When it encounters physiologically stressful conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Redirect resources towards root growth to access nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They create conditions affecting plants' survival and growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Survival, no growth or reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth only signifies lost reproductive capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to reduced seed viability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three different treatment strengths should be implemented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The environmental influence on phenotypic traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying specific ecological questions and expected responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a baseline for comparison with treated samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some plants develop thicker leaves while others produce fewer flowers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It affects water drainage and light exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The marked individuals must be evenly distributed throughout the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abundance of other species in the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling the water supply to create a uniform treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain plants exhibit plastic responses while others do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Including a control group that experiences no stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tracking the growth rate of plants over time without any disturbance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights that resources cannot be allocated to reproduction and growth simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of competing species in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using ANOVA for comparing means among multiple treatment groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>(t statistic, df, p-value)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is essential to collect all necessary equipment before proceeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starting data analysis and statistical testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensuring your variable range selections include data labels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are considering the significance of extreme values in both tails of the distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To compare the means of two independent samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pooled standard error of the two samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When analyzing categorical data for frequency distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The likelihood that the observed differences are due to chance is low.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantitative data and sample sizes greater than 50.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feasibility and ethical evaluation of research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It facilitates the calculation of statistical values without manual computations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When determining if two groups of measurements differ in average size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correlation shows that two variables are related without implying a direct cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the researcher has established a causal hypothesis between variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The percentage of variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A statistical correlation analysis must have been conducted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates the probability that the observed data would occur under the null hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When both variables are influenced by a third common factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using regression results as evidence for causation without further testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By considering existing theories and establishing potential cause-effect links.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causation implies a direct influence, while correlation does not establish direct influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher temperatures increase the breeding rate of mosquitoes, leading to more disease cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The percentage of variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The error terms must be homoscedastic and normally distributed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A p-value indicates the probability that the observed data occurred by chance under the null hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Establishing a clear cause-and-effect prediction based on known literature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps validate that the results are not due to random chance, thus impacting health recommendations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regression analysis does not account for any external influences outside the studied variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shows the strength of the linear relationship between x and y.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The slope of the line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The null hypothesis cannot be rejected, suggesting no significant relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correlation cannot quantify relationships between variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>85% of the variance in the dependent variable can be explained by the independent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining the nature of the relationship before collecting data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The coefficient of determination (r²), degrees of freedom, and p-value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To summarize the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a robust pairwise comparison of means</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The means are not significantly different</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enter data into Excel</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mean 1 is not significantly different from Mean 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excel lacks the capability to run Tukey HSD tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Letters must correspond to Tukey HSD test results</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It controls for the increased error rate from multiple comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To illustrate statistical trends and group differences clearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ratio of between-groups variation to within-groups variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine which specific group means are significantly different</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P-value</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The comparison of means visually across groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All group means are equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arranging data in rows</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides multiple comparisons among group means</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To establish the threshold for statistical significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To compare the means of more than two groups simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining whether there are significant differences between pairs of group means.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most researchers are familiar with Excel, facilitating easier data manipulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ratio of variance between the groups to the variance within the groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To simplify the comparison of means by indicating which are significantly different from each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specific abiotic variable being manipulated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It sets the theoretical maximum size of a population at a specific location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effect of resource limitations on growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Logistic growth incorporates carrying capacity in its calculations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pattern of survival across different age groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased growth rate as population density increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is reduced as resources become scarce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$N_t = \frac{K}{1 + (K - 1)e^{-r_{max}t}}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To calculate survival patterns and understand mortality rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The age at time of death for a cohort of individuals from different birth periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A small population size with abundant resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental resistance such as resource availability and competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By dividing the number of individuals surviving to day x by the initial number of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$N_t = N_0e^{rt}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A graphical representation of the number of individuals surviving at each age for a given population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases the per capita birth rate as population density increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the base for natural logarithms, necessary for growth calculations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To track the mortality rates of individuals born at the same time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Logistic growth shows a slowing rate as resources become limited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors that become more effective as a population increases in size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constant mortality rate throughout life stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Following individuals until the entire cohort is extinct</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals that died</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extracellular breakdown by specific enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the metabolic rate of soil microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It removes water-soluble minerals and sugars from decomposing material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a primary mechanism for recycling carbon from organic matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of heavy metals in soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple sugars are more soluble and decompose quickly compared to lignin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Availability of oxygen in the soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The balance of carbon to nitrogen in plant litter for efficient decomposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It slows down decomposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poplar leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lowered atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grassland ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Burning of fossil fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both decompose at the same rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paleozoic Era</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bioavailability of nutrients and moisture levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbes convert organic compounds back into carbon dioxide and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A balanced C:N ratio enhances soil respiration by facilitating nutrient availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical weathering of rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased temperatures might enhance soil respiration but reduce microbial stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soil respiration releases carbon dioxide, which can enhance greenhouse gas concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher biodiversity typically leads to greater soil respiration through mixed microbial communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive moisture can lead to anaerobic conditions, reducing respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers