Podcast
Questions and Answers
A researcher notices a recurring pattern: students who frequently skip breakfast tend to perform poorly on morning exams. Using inductive reasoning, what would be the next logical step for the researcher?
A researcher notices a recurring pattern: students who frequently skip breakfast tend to perform poorly on morning exams. Using inductive reasoning, what would be the next logical step for the researcher?
- Immediately implement a mandatory breakfast program for all students.
- The general relationship between skipping breakfast and poor exam performance.
- Conclude that skipping breakfast directly causes poor exam performance and publish the findings.
- Explore various factors, such as sleep habits and study routines, that might contribute to both skipping breakfast and poor exam performance. (correct)
In a study examining the effects of a new after-school tutoring program on student test scores, what are the independent and dependent variables?
In a study examining the effects of a new after-school tutoring program on student test scores, what are the independent and dependent variables?
- Independent variable: Attendance rate at tutoring sessions; Dependent variable: Student's test scores. (correct)
- Independent variable: Teacher qualifications; Dependent variable: Student's socioeconomic status.
- Independent variable: Student's test scores; Dependent variable: Attendance rate at tutoring sessions.
- Independent variable: Student's prior grades; Dependent variable: Participation in extracurricular activities.
Which of the following research questions best exemplifies an exploratory study?
Which of the following research questions best exemplifies an exploratory study?
- Does implementing a new recycling program increase community participation?
- What is the correlation between income level and access to healthcare?
- How do first-generation college students navigate the challenges of higher education? (correct)
- Why do some students perform better in online courses compared to traditional classroom settings?
A researcher wants to understand the impact of a city-wide initiative providing free public transportation on low-income residents' access to employment opportunities. Which type of research aligns best with this goal?
A researcher wants to understand the impact of a city-wide initiative providing free public transportation on low-income residents' access to employment opportunities. Which type of research aligns best with this goal?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between variables and attributes in social science research?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between variables and attributes in social science research?
Flashcards
Experiential Reality
Experiential Reality
Knowledge gained from direct experience; you know it's true because you've experienced it.
Agreement Reality
Agreement Reality
Knowledge accepted as true because everyone agrees it's true, but may not always be correct.
Attributes
Attributes
Characteristics that describe a variable.
Independent Variable (IV)
Independent Variable (IV)
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Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
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Study Notes
- Experiential reality is knowing something is true due to direct personal experience, such as the pain of a bee sting.
- Agreement reality is accepting something as true because of common consensus, though this isn't always accurate.
- Social science uses probabilistic reasoning to study patterns.
Variables and Attributes
- Variables are logical groupings of attributes.
- Attributes are characteristics that describe variables.
- Example: "Grade on exam" is the variable, while A, B, or C are the attributes.
Independent and Dependent Variables
- Independent variables (IV) predict or cause an effect.
- Dependent variables (DV) are the outcome or effect being measured.
- Example: Number of absences (IV) leads to a lower final grade (DV).
Research Purposes
- Exploration answers "how" questions.
- Description answers "what" questions.
- Explanation answers "why" questions.
- Applied research evaluates the impact of a program, policy, or law.
Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning
- Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to general principles.
- Example: Observing a pattern of students being robbed when drunk and wearing headphones in a specific area.
- Deductive reasoning moves from general principles to specific instances.
- Example: Knowing that students get robbed in a certain area when drunk with headphones, so a student avoids that area.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Data
- Quantitative data involves numbers, like age.
- Qualitative data involves words, like describing how your day was.
Concepts
- Concepts are abstract ideas, such as poverty.
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Description
Explore experiential reality through direct experience. Understand the common consensus of agreement reality. Social science employs probabilistic reasoning to study patterns, variables, and attributes.
