Expansion rurale médiévale (12e-13e siècles)
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Questions and Answers

Quel pourcentage de la population européenne était urbaine vers 1300 ?

  • 10-15 % (correct)
  • 20-25 %
  • 5-10 %
  • 30-35 %

Quelle région est considérée comme la plus urbanisée en Europe vers 1300 ?

  • La France du Sud
  • L'Italie du Sud
  • L'Italie du nord et du centre (correct)
  • L'Espagne

Quel était l'impact de l'urbanisation sur le système agraire ?

  • Une pression accrue sur le système agraire (correct)
  • Une augmentation des terres agricoles
  • Un accroissement du nombre d'agriculteurs
  • Une diminution des besoins alimentaires

Quelle période a vu une forte natalité avec des familles nombreuses selon les données fournies ?

<p>À partir de la fin du XIIe siècle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle ville était la plus grande ville latine vers 1300 ?

<p>Paris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel mouvement de colonisation en Allemagne de l'Est au XIIe et XIIIe siècles est mentionné ?

<p>Ostsiedlung (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel événement a favorisé la fondation de nouvelles villes dans le Piémont ?

<p>La rivalité entre l'empereur germanique et le Pape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle caractéristique définit le mouvement d’urbanisation en Europe ?

<p>La reurbanisation des villes anciennes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel facteur est considéré comme principal pour l'essor démographique ?

<p>La natalité (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelles familles étaient généralement les plus nombreuses selon les données ?

<p>Les familles paysannes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qu'est-ce qu'une 'Agroville' ?

<p>Une ville dédiée à la vente et transformation des produits agricoles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle était l'une des conséquences de la division du travail dans les villes ?

<p>Specialisation et apparition de nouveaux métiers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle était la principale caractéristique des essarts dans le système agraire ?

<p>Ils étaient des cultures sur brûlis temporaires (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qu'est-ce qui a été particulièrement impacté par l'essor extensif de l'agriculture ?

<p>Les espaces boisés et humides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle est l'une des conséquences majeures de la déforestation entre le XIIe et XIIIe siècle ?

<p>Formation de nouvelles régions agricoles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel changement a été observé concernant le nombre de lettres des chancelleries au cours des XIIIe siècles?

<p>Une augmentation considérable en France et en Angleterre. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle affirmation décrit le mieux la transition du médium écrit au cours du second Moyen Âge?

<p>Son usage s'est élargi pour inclure diverses classes sociales, y compris les paysans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Que signifie l'expression « Homo mercator vix aut nunquam potest Deo placere » ?

<p>Le commerçant ne peut pas ou difficilement plaire à Dieu. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel était l'un des objectifs des conciles de Latran concernant l'usure ?

<p>Interdire les pratiques d'usure aux usuriers manifestes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel élément a contribué à la massification de la documentation écrite durant le second Moyen Âge?

<p>Un changement culturel favorisant l'écrit dans la société. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qu'est-ce qui symbolise l'essor de la documentation administrative au cours des XIIe et XIIIe siècles?

<p>L'apparition des archives du sol et des comptabilités. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Comment explique-t-on l'immigration vers les villes durant l'essor urbain ?

<p>La natalité faible dans les villes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel rôle joue la richesse dans le statut des seigneurs ?

<p>Elle doit être visible et exhibée pour montrer leur statut. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

À quelle période a eu lieu l'apparition du premier budget de la royauté française?

<p>En 1204. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pourquoi est-il important pour les historiens de prendre en compte la transmission des documents écrits?

<p>Parce que cela peut modifier les documents au fil du temps. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qu'est-ce qu'une seigneurie dans le contexte médiéval ?

<p>Une possession terrienne d'un seigneur avec une organisation sociale. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle innovation matérielle a favorisé la diffusion de l'écrit au XIVe siècle?

<p>La production du papier à partir de matières végétales. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Comment les seigneurs se distinguent-ils des autres classes sociales ?

<p>Par leur richesse, leur réputation et leurs structures de pouvoir. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelles étaient les conséquences des fouilles funéraires sur l'histoire démographique?

<p>Elles ont facilité des études démographiques et environnementales. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qu'est-ce qui caractérise la possession de terre des nobles ?

<p>Une diversité de formes de possession, souvent incomplètes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel type d'équipement devient de plus en plus coûteux pour les seigneurs ?

<p>L'équipement militaire et de combat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel type de documents est devenu beaucoup plus varié au second Moyen Âge?

<p>Les typologies documentaires des différentes administrations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel matériau était particulièrement utilisé pour l'écriture au XIIe-XVe siècle avant l'avènement du papier?

<p>Parchemin et vélin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Que représente la naissance pour un noble selon le contenu ?

<p>Un élément central par rapport à la réputation et au statut social. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle était la proportion de la population urbaine pendant l'essor démographique ?

<p>5-10 % (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle est la définition de la coseigneurie dans le contexte féodal ?

<p>Le partage des droits seigneuriaux entre deux seigneurs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelles étaient les charges pesantes sur les paysans durant le haut moyen âge ?

<p>Redevances en nature et travail non rémunéré. (A), Impôts lourds et obligations militaires. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel est un exemple de fragmentation des pouvoirs seigneuriaux ?

<p>La multiplication des agents seigneuriaux. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle caractéristique décrit le mieux la paysannerie au haut moyen âge ?

<p>Une société stratifiée de petits exploitants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel outil de production caractérise principalement les laboureurs ?

<p>L'attelage et la charrue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Comment se définit le concept de topolignée ?

<p>Le contrôle d'un lieu par une lignée familiale. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel rôle les seigneurs ecclésiastiques jouaient-ils dans la société féodale ?

<p>Ils avaient des relations étroites avec les seigneurs laïques. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle mesure était prise pour documenter les tenures dans l'ancien régime ?

<p>La rédaction de censiers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle doctrine était notamment revendiquée par les Albigeois ?

<p>Le seul sacrement du consolamentum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qui était le fondateur des Vaudois ?

<p>Pierre Valdès (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle était l'une des conséquences de la Décrétale ad abolendam de 1184 ?

<p>Excommunication des hérétiques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel événement a principalement renforcé la répression des Albigeois ?

<p>Les croisades albigeoises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle caractéristique des béguines a suscité l'hostilité de l'Église à partir du XIIIe siècle ?

<p>Leur capacité à prêcher (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel document a été créé en 1231 pour lutter contre les hérétiques ?

<p>Le tribunal de l'Inquisition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel était le principal aspect des enseignements des Albigeois ?

<p>Le rejet de la doctrine sacramentaire (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

En quelle année la Papauté a-t-elle commencé à classer les béguines comme suspectes d'hérésie ?

<p>1312 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel groupe a été particulièrement touché par le mouvement béguin ?

<p>Les femmes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle était la relation des Juifs avec les royaumes chrétiens après la christianisation de l'Empire romain ?

<p>Ils étaient tolérés en tant que témoins de l'ancienne loi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle était l'une des tâches des Cisterciens et des dominicains après les croisades ?

<p>Prêcher contre les Albigeois (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Increased written documents (Medieval)

A significant rise in written records during the High Middle Ages (12th-15th centuries), compared to the Early Middle Ages.

Medieval Records Transmission

The process of producing, copying, preserving, and transmitting written documents with a specific purpose.

Medieval Written Acts

Formal written documents, often on expensive parchment or later on cheaper paper, that serve as official records.

Rise of Laypeople in Writing

The shift from primarily clergy-produced documents to include nobles, merchants, and eventually peasants, in the High Middle Ages.

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Medieval Archives

Organized collections of documents, which are significant sources for understanding history.

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Materiality of Documents

The physical characteristics of a document, including the material it's written on, its size and structure, which influence its use and meaning.

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Document Modification

Copies of documents can be amended, abridged, or changed from its original form throughout transmission.

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Unintentional Records

Documents kept without an initial conscious intention to record history, but which are useful to historians.

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Increased Archival Accounting

Development of methods for recording financial details, royal budgets, and other administrative activities.

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Archaeological Discoveries

Excavations that reveal a wealth of objects providing insights into daily life, material culture, and population demographics/environment.

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Demographic Growth Indicators

Methods used to measure population changes, often focusing on counting households and settlements (toponyms).

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Medieval Population Growth

European population growth during the Middle Ages, likely more than doubling in three centuries from around 40 to 80 million.

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Exclusion of Immigration

Population growth analysis excludes immigration as a significant factor. This is because migration patterns, especially due to colonization, were not necessarily reflected in population counts seen within particular geographical regions at specific times.

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High Medieval Fertility

High birth rates were a primary driver of population growth during the High Middle Ages, with couples having more than four children each, and sometimes averaging 5.5 or more by the late 12th century.

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Extensive Agricultural Expansion

Increased agricultural production by cultivating new land, often at the expense of forested or marshy areas, leading to population increase.

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Deforestation in the Middle Ages

Clearing forests for farmland and settlements, especially widespread during the 12th and 13th centuries.

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Villeneuves

New settlements or villages founded in cleared areas. The expansion and creation of settlements during this time period aided in population growth.

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Essarts

Temporary fields created by clearing land and burning vegetation for agriculture, gradually becoming more permanent over time.

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Urbanization in Europe (1000-1400)

Europe experienced significant growth in cities from 1000 to 1400, a period of accelerated urban development following a decline in previous centuries.

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Italian Urbanization

Northern and central Italy had the highest concentration of urban dwellers by 1300, with perhaps a third of Europe's urban population.

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Rural vs. Urban Population (1300)

Around 10-15% of Europe's population lived in urban areas (cities) around 1300, with significant regional variation.

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Artisan Production

Specialized techniques and craftspeople developed in towns and cities, producing goods with new methods in fields like leatherwork, carpentry, metalworking, and textiles.

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Guilds

These were professional associations of artisans and tradespeople that regulated manufacturing processes and created specific standards.

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Urban-Rural Pressure

The growth of cities put extra demand on agricultural production, requiring farmers to increase their output to meet the needs of the urban population.

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Agro-Ville Relationship

Cities often had facilities to process and sell rural agricultural goods, making trade and market systems an important link between city and country.

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Urban Development in Germany

German cities such as Rostock and Danzig, (along with Berlin) grew in the 13th century, reflecting wider urban development trends across Europe.

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Patrilineal Succession

Inheritance of property and titles passed down through the male line.

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Primogeniture (13th Century)

The eldest son inherits the entire estate.

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Seigneurial Control

Landlords' power over land and resources.

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Co-seigneurie

Shared land/power between two lords.

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Peasant Stratification

Different peasant groups based on land ownership and tools.

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Peasant Land Tenure

How peasants held land (size and type of land)

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Censier

Documents recording information about landowning.

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Medieval Peasant Society

A stratified society with varied access to resources amongst peasants.

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Medieval Merchant's Fate

Medieval merchants faced difficulty pleasing God due to their profession's financial nature.

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Commercial Damages

Losses faced by merchants included lost profits (lucrum cessans), initial investment (damnun emergens), risks (periculum sortis), and uncertainty (ratio incertitudinis).

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Urban Society Growth

Medieval cities grew due to rural migration, agricultural surplus, and a need for services.

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Seigneurial Power Foundation

Powerful families (magnates, domini) in the Middle Ages derived power from birth, wealth, and land ownership.

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Noble Wealth Display

Nobles flaunted extravagant wealth (ostentation) through lavish spending, clothing, and possessions.

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Medieval Warfare

Warfare was a key aspect of aristocratic life and status in the Middle Ages.

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Feudal Land Ownership

Land ownership in the Middle Ages was complex, often involving fiefs and vassals, and a hierarchy of rights.

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Seigneurial Rent Extraction

Seigneuries were economic structures extracting rents from land and labor, creating a system of domination.

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Medieval Usury

Interest-based loans (usury) were considered problematic by the Church during the Middle Ages, especially after the 12th century.

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Urban Crafts

Textiles were a primary form of urban craft in medieval cities, with other crafts, like metalwork and woodworking, also present.

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Albigeois Heresy

A religious dissent in Languedoc, Alsace, and Champagne that rejected many Church sacraments, emphasizing a different approach to spiritual life, particularly for the elite.

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Vaudois Heresy

A religious movement founded by Pierre Valdès, emphasizing a simple Christian life and lay access to biblical texts in vernacular languages, leading to clashes with the Catholic Church.

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Béguines Movement

A group of women in several European cities who practiced semi-religious lifestyles, focusing on prayer, work (often textile), charity, and some preaching. Initially tolerated, later faced intense religious scrutiny.

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Papal Claim to Truth

The assertion by Popes like Gregory VII and his successors of possessing the ultimate authority on religious truth.

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Heresy

A religious belief considered incompatible with the doctrines of the established Church.

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Decretal Ad Abolendam

A 1184 papal decree aimed at suppressing heresy, leading to the excommunication of dissenters.

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Inquisition

A Church court established to investigate and prosecute those suspected of heresy.

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Croisades Albigeoises

Military campaigns (1208-1229) targeting the Albigeois, intended to suppress their beliefs as heresy.

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Jewish Community Tolerance

Jewish communities were initially tolerated in Christian kingdoms, recognized as witnesses to the Old Testament.

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Consolamentum

The sole sacrament practiced by the Albigeois

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Study Notes

Medieval Rural Expansion (12th-13th Centuries)

  • Abundant written documents emerged in the 12th-15th centuries, increasing significantly compared to the Early Middle Ages.
  • Chancellery documents (letters, papal bulls) multiplied in France, England, and the Papacy.
  • Written records in cities like Bologna saw a dramatic increase, from 25 wills in the 11th century to 250,000 in the 13th.
  • This surge in documentation highlights a cultural shift in attitude toward written records.
  • Increased documentation is linked to developments in record-keeping (e.g., royal budgets, administrative records).

Sources for Medieval History

  • Material evidence, like burial sites, reveals demographic and environmental details.
  • Written records are not only official documents; diverse types emerge (e.g., administrative documents from various sources).

Transmission of Medieval Documents

  • Medieval documents were created, copied, and preserved.
  • Changes in the way documents were copied and preserved, and new types of writings, evolved gradually.
  • Copying and subsequent alterations affected the original meanings of historical documents which need careful examination.
  • Written documents are not static, they evolve alongside evolving practices through various stages.

Rural Population Growth

  • Significant population growth happened in Europe throughout the 11th–13th centuries.
  • Population increase is strongly linked to changes in agricultural practices and higher birth rates.
  • Improved agricultural techniques led to higher food production.

Agricultural Advancements

  • Expansion of arable land through deforestation and draining of wetlands greatly contributed.
  • Technological advancements, like better plows, led to increased agricultural yields.
  • Changes in agriculture practice impacted environmental processes.

Urban Development

  • Urbanization witnessed significant growth from the 11th c to the 14th c in several European regions.
  • Old Roman cities revived, and new cities were established.
  • Cities became centers for trade and craft production.

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CM 2 (23 septembre) : L'Essor Rural aux XIIe-XIIIe Siècles PDF

Description

Ce quiz explore l'expansion rurale au cours des 12e et 13e siècles, marquée par une augmentation significative des documents écrits. Il aborde l'émergence de documents de chancelier et l'évolution des pratiques de tenue de dossiers, ainsi que leur impact sur la société médiévale. Testez vos connaissances sur cette période fascinante de l'histoire médiévale.

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