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Questions and Answers
What is the primary source of residual heat in the Earth's interior?
What is the primary source of residual heat in the Earth's interior?
Erosion is a process that only occurs through the action of water.
Erosion is a process that only occurs through the action of water.
False
Name one factor that affects physical weathering.
Name one factor that affects physical weathering.
Ice wedging
Sedimentation is a natural process in which material is carried to the bottom of bodies of water and forms ______.
Sedimentation is a natural process in which material is carried to the bottom of bodies of water and forms ______.
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Match the sources of heat to their description:
Match the sources of heat to their description:
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Which type of metamorphic rock is characterized by its planar foliation due to the alignment of minerals?
Which type of metamorphic rock is characterized by its planar foliation due to the alignment of minerals?
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Non-foliated metamorphic rocks develop under differential stress.
Non-foliated metamorphic rocks develop under differential stress.
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What type of stress causes rocks to push or collide with each other?
What type of stress causes rocks to push or collide with each other?
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The force that pulls rocks away from each other is known as __________.
The force that pulls rocks away from each other is known as __________.
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Match the following types of tectonic boundaries with their descriptions:
Match the following types of tectonic boundaries with their descriptions:
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What mineral is commonly found in metamorphic rocks and can indicate high pressure conditions?
What mineral is commonly found in metamorphic rocks and can indicate high pressure conditions?
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Shear forces can lead to earthquakes by pushing the crust in different directions.
Shear forces can lead to earthquakes by pushing the crust in different directions.
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What is the primary factor that influences the movement of tectonic plates?
What is the primary factor that influences the movement of tectonic plates?
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What primarily drives the metamorphic process in rocks?
What primarily drives the metamorphic process in rocks?
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Extrusion refers to magma that is trapped underground without erupting.
Extrusion refers to magma that is trapped underground without erupting.
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Name one process through which magma can escape to the Earth's surface.
Name one process through which magma can escape to the Earth's surface.
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The igneous rock formations created when magma crystallizes below the Earth's surface are called __________.
The igneous rock formations created when magma crystallizes below the Earth's surface are called __________.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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At what temperature does most magma become entirely liquid?
At what temperature does most magma become entirely liquid?
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Intrusion refers to magma that erupts from a volcano.
Intrusion refers to magma that erupts from a volcano.
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What are the two main forms through which magma escapes?
What are the two main forms through which magma escapes?
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The process that promotes the crystallization of minerals in metamorphic rocks involves __________ warmth and stress.
The process that promotes the crystallization of minerals in metamorphic rocks involves __________ warmth and stress.
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Which of the following is a primary agent that enhances the metamorphic process?
Which of the following is a primary agent that enhances the metamorphic process?
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Study Notes
Exogenic Processes
- Exogenic processes are surface activities that degrade and sculpt the Earth's surface.
- Types of exogenic processes are weathering, erosion, mass wasting, and sedimentation.
Weathering
- Weathering breaks down rock into smaller pieces.
- Physical weathering is the physical breaking of rock into smaller pieces.
- Factors affecting physical weathering include ice wedging, animal activity, and plant growth.
- Chemical weathering breaks down rock through chemical changes.
Erosion
- Erosion is the process of carrying rock particles away by wind, water, ice, or gravity.
- Begins with weathering.
- Transportation moves sediments to another location.
Sedimentation
- Sedimentation is the natural process in which material is carried to the bottom of bodies of water and forms solid material.
Earth's Interior Heat
- Heat is a type of energy related to the movement of atoms.
- More/faster atom movement corresponds to more heat.
- Two sources of interior heat:
- Residual heat—left over from Earth's formation.
- Radioactive decay—release of energy and particles from radioactive materials.
Effects of Heat on the Outer Core
- Keeps the outer core liquid.
- Causes convection currents of iron/nickel.
- Results in Earth's magnetic field.
- Causes thermal convection in the mantle.
Endogenic Processes
- Geological processes that originate below the Earth's surface.
- Includes events like tectonic movements, metamorphism, seismic activities, and magmatism.
Magma
- Formed under specific conditions deep in the crust or upper mantle.
- Formed from partial melting of mantle rocks.
Partial Melting
- Rocks melt at varying temperatures due to impure compositions.
- Temperature increase causes some minerals to melt before others remain solid, maintaining a mix of solid and melted rock at a certain temperature.
Pressure's Role
- Pressure increases with depth.
- Higher pressure leads to higher melting points in rocks during melting.
Two Mechanisms of Melting Rocks
- Decompression melting occurs inside the Earth when pressure is relieved, allowing rocks to melt.
- Flux melting results from adding water or other fluids to rocks, which decreases the melting temperature.
Intrusion/Extrusion
- Magma movement into a volcano without eruption is intrusion.
- Eruption of magma onto the Earth's surface is called extrusion.
- Molten material coming to the surface is lava.
- Eruptions form volcanoes.
- Plutonism refers to magma formation and crystallization below the surface.
Volcanism
- Includes all geological activities that occur on the surface related to magma.
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Description
Test your knowledge on exogenic processes that shape Earth's surface, including weathering, erosion, and sedimentation. Understand the factors affecting these processes and the role of Earth's interior heat in shaping geological features.
