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Questions and Answers
What is a significant disadvantage of swimming as an exercise method?
What is a significant disadvantage of swimming as an exercise method?
- It can only be performed indoors.
- It requires expensive equipment.
- It can be stressful and may not accurately mimic human exercise. (correct)
- It is not physically demanding.
Which of the following is a pro of treadmill running?
Which of the following is a pro of treadmill running?
- It requires less effort than swimming.
- It allows control over the intensity and duration of exercise. (correct)
- It is the least expensive exercise method.
- Most animals excel at running on treadmills.
What is a drawback of voluntary wheel running?
What is a drawback of voluntary wheel running?
- It is too expensive to maintain.
- It has limited relevance to human exercise due to extended running duration. (correct)
- It requires complex equipment for accurate measurement.
- It is highly stressful for the animals.
What is one advantage of in situ rat hindlimb perfusion?
What is one advantage of in situ rat hindlimb perfusion?
What is a major disadvantage of ex vivo isolated muscle incubation?
What is a major disadvantage of ex vivo isolated muscle incubation?
Which exercise method is generally considered the least stressful for animals?
Which exercise method is generally considered the least stressful for animals?
Which method poses the greatest challenge in quantifying the amount of exercise completed?
Which method poses the greatest challenge in quantifying the amount of exercise completed?
Which of the following options describes a limitation of treadmill running?
Which of the following options describes a limitation of treadmill running?
What is the purpose of a flow meter in open-circuit spirometry?
What is the purpose of a flow meter in open-circuit spirometry?
Which component of open-circuit spirometry is responsible for assessing oxygen and carbon dioxide levels?
Which component of open-circuit spirometry is responsible for assessing oxygen and carbon dioxide levels?
What is a disadvantage of using open-circuit spirometry?
What is a disadvantage of using open-circuit spirometry?
What does the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) indicate?
What does the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) indicate?
How is energy expenditure calculated from VO2?
How is energy expenditure calculated from VO2?
Which factor is indicated as the major limit to endurance performance according to Bengt Saltin?
Which factor is indicated as the major limit to endurance performance according to Bengt Saltin?
What effect does phlebotomy have according to the study by Bonne et al.?
What effect does phlebotomy have according to the study by Bonne et al.?
What is the primary function of catecholamines during exercise in the liver?
What is the primary function of catecholamines during exercise in the liver?
Which receptor type is primarily responsible for catecholamine response in muscle during exercise?
Which receptor type is primarily responsible for catecholamine response in muscle during exercise?
What happens to norepinephrine levels during exercise as compared to epinephrine levels?
What happens to norepinephrine levels during exercise as compared to epinephrine levels?
How does exercise training affect liver sensitivity to catecholamines?
How does exercise training affect liver sensitivity to catecholamines?
What is a significant early response to catecholamines during exercise?
What is a significant early response to catecholamines during exercise?
Which hormone is primarily released from the adrenal medulla?
Which hormone is primarily released from the adrenal medulla?
Which of the following substrates can be used for gluconeogenesis under catecholamine influence?
Which of the following substrates can be used for gluconeogenesis under catecholamine influence?
What primarily stimulates the release of epinephrine?
What primarily stimulates the release of epinephrine?
What is the primary fuel source at rest for the body?
What is the primary fuel source at rest for the body?
Which factors influence the type of fuel used during exercise?
Which factors influence the type of fuel used during exercise?
In which exercise intensity range is the 'Fat Burning Zone' identified?
In which exercise intensity range is the 'Fat Burning Zone' identified?
Which of the following is a criterion for determining maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max)?
Which of the following is a criterion for determining maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max)?
What benefit is similar between moderate continuous exercise and HIIT programs over 12 weeks?
What benefit is similar between moderate continuous exercise and HIIT programs over 12 weeks?
What is considered the best indicator of survival in patients with cardiovascular disease?
What is considered the best indicator of survival in patients with cardiovascular disease?
What percentage of energy expenditure is derived from fat oxidation at rest?
What percentage of energy expenditure is derived from fat oxidation at rest?
How is VO2 max expressed?
How is VO2 max expressed?
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Study Notes
Swimming
- Often strenuous exercise.
- May not mimic human response.
- Inexpensive.
Treadmill Running
- Mimics human exercise studies.
- Can be costly.
Voluntary Wheel Running
- Inexpensive, not stressful.
- Mice run long durations.
In Situ Rat Hindlimb Perfusion
- Tight control over perfusate.
- Less physiological; non-physiological stimulation conditions.
Ex Vivo Isolated Muscle Incubation
- Tight control over incubation medium composition.
- Less physiological than in situ perfusion.
Energy
- Indirect Calorimetry is a technique to measure energy expenditure.
- “Metabolic Cart” - measures volume of air, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
- Open-circuit spirometry uses ambient air.
Indirect Calorimetry Continued
- Requires a “metabolic cart” system.
- Disadvantages include hyperventilation, airtight mask fit, and mask comfort.
- Advantages include portability, wide variety of activity applications, and substrate determination (fat/carb).
Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System (CLAMS)
- Indirect calorimetry system that collects data every 10 minutes.
- Light beams estimate physical activity levels.
Basic Whole Body Metabolic Measurements
- VO2 is used to calculate energy expenditure.
- Thermal equivalent of O2 is approximately 5 kcal per L O2.
- Primary fuel at rest is fat oxidation.
- Fuel selection during exercise is influenced by intensity, duration, diet, and training status.
The “Fat Burning” Zone
- Exercise intensity of 40-60% VO2 max.
- High intensity exercise may provide similar benefits for body weight loss, fat loss, and preservation of fat-free mass compared to moderate continuous exercise.
VO2max
- Maximum oxygen consumption/aerobic capacity.
- Standardized progressive test until failure.
- Optimal test length is 10-12 minutes.
- Indicative of aerobic fitness and health.
- Expressed in absolute (L/min) or relative (ml/kg/min) terms.
Limits of VO2 Max
- Oxygen supply (central), and oxygen demand (peripheral).
Oxygen Supply (Central)
- Hormones: Norepinephrine, epinephrine, glucagon, and insulin.
- Fuel mobilization: liver, adipose, and muscle.
- Delivery: Cardiovascular system.
- Fuel utilization: Skeletal muscle.
Catecholamines
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- Increased circulating levels during exercise.
- Epinephrine levels are much higher than norepinephrine.
Catecholamines - Liver
- Increased hepatic glucose production.
- Increased glycogenolysis.
- Increases gluconeogenesis.
Exercise Training and Catecholamines
- Blunted catecholamine response.
- Reduced liver sensitivity to epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- Compensatory mechanisms may exist.
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