Human Physiology Week 10d.14-g.20 - Transcripts

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Questions and Answers

What physiological change during exercise causes hemoglobin to release oxygen based on temperature?

  • Increased oxygen demand
  • Increased temperature of active muscles (correct)
  • Increased production of ATP
  • Increased muscle contraction

Which of the following factors promotes hemoglobin's release of oxygen during exercise through pH changes?

  • Production of hydrogen ions from glycolysis (correct)
  • Reduction of hydrogen ions
  • Increase in muscle pH
  • Stabilization of blood pH

What is the significance of carbon dioxide levels in the context of hemoglobin's oxygen release during exercise?

  • Lower carbon dioxide levels stimulate oxygen retention
  • Carbon dioxide levels fluctuate with oxygen transport
  • Increased carbon dioxide levels promote oxygen release (correct)
  • Higher carbon dioxide levels support oxygen binding

Which process primarily generates hydrogen ions during physical exertion?

<p>Glycolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the byproduct of ATP breakdown influence hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

<p>It increases oxygen release due to raised temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an increase in carbon dioxide levels have on hemoglobin's binding affinity for oxygen?

<p>It weakens the binding affinity, facilitating better oxygen delivery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A rightward shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is most likely to occur under which conditions?

<p>Increased carbon dioxide levels and decreased pH. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological state would most likely cause a leftward shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

<p>Increased pH and low carbon dioxide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hemoglobin saturation change when partial pressure of oxygen decreases significantly from 100 to 65?

<p>It only slightly decreases to around 90% saturation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of hemoglobin in the body's oxygen transport system?

<p>To bind to oxygen and transport it, maintaining high saturation under varying conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate saturation percentage of hemoglobin in venous blood at rest?

<p>75% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood compare to that in venous blood?

<p>It is significantly higher in arterial blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high-intensity exercise have on the oxygen saturation of venous blood?

<p>Decreases it substantially. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is true?

<p>Lower partial pressures make it easier for hemoglobin to release oxygen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood under normal conditions?

<p>100 mmHg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a decrease in carbon dioxide levels have on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen in the lungs?

<p>It increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During exercise, which of the following factors causes hemoglobin to release oxygen more readily at the working muscles?

<p>Increased carbon dioxide and increased hydrogen ions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to hydrogen ions in the blood when bicarbonate is converted back to carbon dioxide and water in the lungs?

<p>They decrease, leading to an increase in blood pH. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the physiological changes in blood when it circulates in the lungs?

<p>The blood cools down and releases carbon dioxide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition leads to hemoglobin preferentially releasing oxygen during active muscle metabolism?

<p>A decrease in pH due to increased hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Exercise and Hemoglobin

During exercise, muscles generate heat and hydrogen ions, causing hemoglobin to release oxygen.

Heat and Oxygen Release

Higher temperatures cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen.

Hydrogen Ions and pH

Increased hydrogen ions (lower pH) cause hemoglobin to release oxygen.

Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Release

Higher carbon dioxide levels cause hemoglobin to release oxygen.

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ATP and Muscle Contraction

ATP breakdown releases heat during muscle contractions, affecting oxygen release by hemoglobin.

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Hemoglobin's oxygen release in muscles

In muscles, increased temperature, hydrogen ions (lower pH), and carbon dioxide cause hemoglobin to release oxygen, for delivery to the working muscles.

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Hemoglobin's oxygen uptake in lungs

In the lungs, lower temperature, lower carbon dioxide, and higher pH cause hemoglobin to bind tightly to oxygen.

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Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A graph showing the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen.

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Partial pressure of oxygen

A measure of the amount of oxygen present in a particular medium.

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Hemoglobin Saturation

Percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying oxygen in the blood.

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Arterial Blood PaO2

Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, typically around 100.

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Venous Blood PaO2

Partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood, typically around 40.

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Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

A graph illustrating how much oxygen hemoglobin binds, varying with the partial pressure of oxygen.

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Hemoglobin Saturation, Arterial

Percentage of hemoglobin carrying oxygen in arterial blood; typically near 95-100%.

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Hemoglobin Saturation, Venous

Percentage of hemoglobin carrying oxygen in venous blood; typically around 75%.

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Weaker HbO2 bonding

Hemoglobin binds to oxygen less tightly, improving oxygen delivery to tissues.

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Rightward shift (oxyhemoglobin curve)

The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right, indicating decreased oxygen affinity to hemoglobin, making oxygen more readily available to tissues.

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Factors affecting weaker HbO2 bonding

Increased carbon dioxide, lower pH (more acidic), and higher temperature weaken the bond between hemoglobin and oxygen, enhancing oxygen delivery to tissues.

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Hemoglobin saturation and partial pressure (PO2)

Even with a decrease in partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) hemoglobin retains most of its oxygen saturation.

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Stronger HbO2 bonding

Hemoglobin binds to oxygen more tightly, reducing oxygen delivery to tissues.

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