62 Questions
Which structure is NOT included in the respiratory zone for gas exchange?
Trachea
What type of muscle makes up the walls of the pharynx?
Skeletal muscle
Which structure is responsible for providing a resonating chamber for speech sounds?
Pharynx
The larynx is composed of how many pieces of cartilages?
9
What is the function of the larynx in relation to the trachea?
Connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea
Which cartilage in the larynx is commonly known as 'Adam’s apple'?
Thyroid cartilage
What is the main role of the epiglottis during swallowing?
Close off the trachea to prevent food from entering
Which structure directly connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea?
Cricoid cartilage
Which term describes the supportive stroma in neoplasms made up of blood vessels and connective tissue?
Reactive stroma
From which type of origin are sarcomas derived?
Mesenchymal origin
What does the term 'neoplasia' refer to?
Various types of growths including benign and malignant tumors
Which term is used to describe tumors that show characteristics similar to those of local cells?
Adenoma
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes benign tumors from malignant ones?
Degree of differentiation
Which term describes tumors that are usually dependent on the embryonic origin of the affected tissue?
Sarcomas
What is one of the classifications of neoplasms based on their behavior?
Degree of differentiation
Which component of neoplasms consists of the proliferating abnormal cells that form the main tumor mass?
Neoplastic cells
What is the main effect of an increase in PCO2 on the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen?
The saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen decreases
How does an increase in temperature affect the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?
It increases the release of oxygen
What is the role of 3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG) in the context of hemoglobin?
It decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
Which form transports the highest percentage of CO2 in blood plasma?
Bicarbonate ions
What is the main reason behind an increase in hydrogen ions when PCO2 rises?
Conversion to bicarbonate ions
How does a decrease in 3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG) impact the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Increases the affinity
Which factor leads to an increase in O2 release from hemoglobin, promoting a right shift in the curve?
Increased BPG levels
Why does deoxygenated blood returning to pulmonary capillaries contain CO2 incorporated into HCO2 within RBCs?
To restore pH balance
What is the most frequently reported symptom of interstitial lung disease?
Gradual cough
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of interstitial lung disease?
Viral infection
What is the main diagnostic approach for interstitial lung disease?
Pulmonary function tests
Which ethnic group has the highest prevalence of sarcoidosis?
African Americans
What are the ocular manifestations commonly associated with sarcoidosis?
Anterior and intermediate uveitis
Which organ does sarcoidosis primarily affect?
Lungs
What is the typical age range at which sarcoidosis is commonly diagnosed?
Before 50 years old
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with sarcoidosis?
Chest pain
How does an increase in temperature affect the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?
It increases the amount of O2 released.
What is the main role of 3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG) in the context of hemoglobin?
It promotes the release of O2 from hemoglobin.
What is one of the main effects of an increase in PCO2 on hemoglobin saturation with oxygen?
Increases O2 saturation.
How is most of the CO2 transported in the blood?
In bicarbonate ions.
What happens to Hb saturation when PCO2 increases?
Hb affinity for O2 decreases.
How does 3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG) impact the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Reduces hemoglobin's affinity for O2.
Why does deoxygenated blood returning to pulmonary capillaries contain CO2 incorporated into HCO3 within RBCs?
To aid in CO2 transport.
What is the common etiological classification of pneumonia?
Community-acquired vs. hospital-acquired
Which bacterial organism is NOT commonly associated with community-acquired pneumonia?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is a characteristic feature of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia organisms?
Gram-negative bacteria
Which viral group is NOT typically involved in community-acquired pneumonia?
Toxoplasma gondii
Which fungal pathogen is NOT known to cause pneumonia?
Strongyloides stercoralis
What is a key epidemiological feature of upper respiratory tract infections in adults?
Adults experience 3-4 infections per year on average
What is a distinguishing characteristic of community-acquired pneumonia?
Abnormal opacities in the lungs on imaging
In which type of hypersensitivity reaction do antigen-antibody complexes initiate an acute inflammatory response?
Type III
What is the main role of complement C3a and C5a in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
Chemotaxis
Which process involving antibodies leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex and cell lysis?
Complement activation
What is the primary cause of cellular dysfunction in Type II hypersensitivity reactions involving antibodies?
Antibody binding to receptors
In which condition can antibodies cause cellular dysfunction without inducing inflammation or destruction?
Type III hypersensitivity reaction
What is the main outcome of the accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes in various tissue locations?
Inflammation
Which component of the immune system is primarily responsible for initiating an acute inflammatory reaction in serum sickness?
Neutrophils
What distinguishes Arthus reaction from serum sickness in terms of immune complex deposition?
Arthus reaction has circulating immune complexes, whereas serum sickness has fixed immune complexes.
How do antibodies contribute to the complement pathway activation in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
By binding to self-antigens resulting in complement C3a and C5a formation.
What is the recommended diagnostic test for young patients suspected of having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency test
Which intervention is the only one that can potentially reverse or cure COPD?
Lung transplant
What is the main cause of chronic bronchitis?
Hypersecretion of mucus due to goblet cells
What percentage of healthy adults are estimated to have chronic bronchitis?
5-8%
What is the primary treatment approach for managing symptoms of chronic bronchitis?
Risk-factor modification and bronchodilators
What is the characteristic sign/symptom that distinguishes chronic bronchitis from other respiratory conditions?
Productive cough lasting 3 months or more
Which population group has a higher risk of developing chronic bronchitis?
Elderly patients and smokers
Learn about the Bohr effect where hemoglobin becomes less saturated, and factors like partial pressure of carbon dioxide and temperature impact oxygen release in blood. Explore how changes in these factors affect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.
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