Exercise 21: Arteries, Veins, Capillaries

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Questions and Answers

How many lobes does the left lung contain?

2 (correct)

The right lung consists of 2 lobes.

False

What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

Dispose of waste products in urine

The area between the visceral and parietal pleura is filled with ______.

pleural fluid Signup and view all the answers

Match the digestive organs with their functions:

Liver = Produces bile Pancreas = Secretes enzymes into GI system Stomach = Digestion of protein Salivary glands = Production of amylase Signup and view all the answers

What structure controls the passage of food into the stomach?

Cardioesophageal sphincter Signup and view all the answers

The renal cortex is the innermost region of the kidney.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are nephrons composed of?

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule Signup and view all the answers

The primary structure for gas exchange in the lungs is the ______.

alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT normally found in urine?

Blood proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of arteries?

Carry blood away from the heart Signup and view all the answers

Veins have valves to help prevent the backflow of blood.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the total amount of exchangeable air in vital capacity for an average male?

4,800 mL Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is the structure that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.

epiglottis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

systole = Contraction phase of the heart diastole = Relaxation phase of the heart pulmonary ventilation = Process of moving air in and out of the lungs residual volume = Air remaining in lungs after exhalation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about capillaries is correct?

They are responsible for gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

The aorta is the smallest artery in the human body.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does a sphygmomanometer measure?

Blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

The upper respiratory tract includes the passageways from the nose to the __________.

pharynx Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the tunica media layer in blood vessels?

It contains smooth muscle and elastic tissue Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Exercise 21: Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They are more elastic, have no valves, and thicker walls. They carry oxygen-rich blood (except pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood), have a smaller lumen, and blood pressure increases.
Veins carry blood back to the heart. They are less elastic, have valves, and thinner walls. They carry oxygen-poor blood (except pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood), have a larger lumen, and blood pressure decreases.
Capillaries are one cell layer thick, forming networks called capillary beds. They facilitate gas exchange between tissues and blood.

Exercise 21: Blood Vessels - Layers

Blood vessels have three layers: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.
Tunica intima forms a friction-reducing lining and contains endothelium.
Tunica media is smooth muscle and elastic tissue, controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
Tunica externa is the outermost covering, mostly fibrous connective tissue, providing support.

Exercise 21: Major Blood Vessels

Aorta is the largest artery, leaving from the left ventricle (LV) of the heart.
Superior vena cava drains the head and arms, entering the right atrium (RA) of the heart.
Inferior vena cava drains the lower body, entering the RA of the heart.

Exercise 22: Cardiac Cycle and Blood Pressure

Cardiac cycle involves atria and ventricle contractions/relaxations, leading to changes in blood volume and pressure.
Pulse is the alternating surges of pressure in arteries with each left ventricle beat (70-76 BPM usually).
Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against inner blood vessel walls, measured in arteries.
Systolic pressure is the highest pressure during ventricular contraction.
Diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure during ventricular relaxation.
A sphygmomanometer measures blood pressure, with Korotkoff sounds indicating resuming blood flow in the forearm after cuff pressure is released.
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute.
Peripheral resistance is the friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels, influenced by blood vessel constriction, viscosity, and volume.

Exercise 23 & 24: The Respiratory System

Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs (breathing).
External respiration involves gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli (O2 loading and CO2 unloading).
Internal respiration involves gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries.
Respiratory membrane is the "air-blood barrier" formed by alveolar and capillary walls, facilitating gas exchange.
Respiratory zone structures (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli) are the only sites of gas exchange, while conducting zones include passageways leading to these areas.
Tidal volume (TV) is the normal amount of air moved in or out of the lungs during a quiet breath (typically 500 mL).
Residual volume (RV) is the air remaining in the lungs after exhalation.
Vital capacity (VC) is the total exchangeable air volume (TV + Inspir. Reserve Vol. + Expir. Reserve Vol.) and varies between individuals. The normal values are 4800 mL for men and 3100 mL for women.
Pharynx (throat) is a common passageway for air and food.
Larynx (voice box) is for air and food passage.
Trachea (windpipe) is a 4-inch tube connected to the larynx, lined with ciliated mucosa.
Main bronchi are formed by trachea division, each entering a lung at the hilum.
Lungs are divided into lobes by fissures (2 lobes in the left lung, 3 lobes in the right lung).
Serosa is the outer lung covering, consisting of visceral and parietal pleura, with pleural fluid preventing friction during breathing.

Exercise 25: The Digestive System

The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.
Accessory organs include the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and salivary glands.
These organs aid digestion by secreting enzymes and bile.
Specific components, like the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and large intestine are involved in the digestion and absorption processes.
Mucosal lining, villi and circular folds increase surface area for absorption.

Exercise 26: The Urinary System

The urinary system maintains homeostasis by removing waste products, regulating blood pressure, and producing hormones.
Kidneys filter blood, producing urine containing wastes and excess ions.
Structures include kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Kidneys have three regions: cortex, medulla, and pelvis.
Nephrons are the functional units of kidneys with two main components, renal corpuscle, and renal tubules.
Renal corpuscles consist of glomerulus (fed by afferent arterioles, drained by efferent arterioles) and glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule).
Urine formation involves glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
Filtration forces fluid into Bowman's capsule.
Reabsorption reclaims valuable substances such as water, glucose, and ions from filtered fluid.
Secretion removes additional metabolic wastes, such as hydrogen ions.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential characteristics of arteries, veins, and capillaries, as well as their respective roles in the circulatory system. It delves into the structure of blood vessels, highlighting the three layers that compose them. Test your knowledge of vascular anatomy and physiology.