Executive Control Training and Age Differences

It indicates that this combination may complicate the training process and affect the amount of transfer to task switching.

Verbal self-instructions did not promote transfer of task-switching training, suggesting limited effectiveness in this context.

One explanation is that children used internal verbal strategies similar to overt self-instructions; the other is that a control condition without verbal instructions would be needed for clarity.

<p>Participants showed improved performance in interference control tasks, verbal and spatial working memory tasks, and fluid intelligence tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allowing posttest verbalization could enhance transfer by reinforcing learned strategies and facilitating recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Task-switching training resulted in improved far transfer performance, contrasting sharply with single-task training results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may complicate the training process by introducing multiple layers of cognitive strategies that interfere with learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggested that verbal self-instructions did not significantly influence the transfer of task-switching training.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They found that training with executive control tasks generalized to both similar new tasks and aspects of intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Verbal self-instructions help maintain and select task sets, particularly reducing age-related differences in task-switching abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study compared dual-task training and training in the use of verbal self-instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Near transfer refers to the application of trained tasks to similar new tasks and stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Near transfer of task-switching training was found primarily for mixing costs, but not for switching costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Researchers assessed the effects of task-switching training on both younger and older adults by evaluating their abilities in new tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absence of external task cues heightened the need for endogenous control, particularly improving performance in tasks requiring self-instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Verbal self-instructions significantly facilitated the maintenance and selection of task sets, enhancing cognitive training outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effect size d' indicates the magnitude of the difference in performance due to various types of training on task-switching abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older adults generally show lower effect sizes compared to younger adults and children, indicating age-related performance differences in task-switching training.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The training types compared include single-task training, task-switching training, task-switching with verbal self-instruction, and task-switching with verbal self-instructions combined with training variability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Near transfer tasks refer to tasks that are closely related to the training, while far transfer tasks involve applying skills to different or more complex tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Verbal self-instruction enhances the effectiveness of task-switching training by providing cognitive strategies that aid in performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Task-switching with verbal self-instruction combined with training variability generally showed the highest effect sizes across age groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mixing costs and switching costs reflect the cognitive load involved in task-switching, impacting the overall performance as measured by effect sizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Error bars represent the standard errors of the mean, providing a visual indication of the variability and reliability of the effect size data.</p> Signup and view all the answers