Excretory System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following substances need to be got rid of from the body?

  • Excess common salt (correct)
  • Uric acid (correct)
  • Excess water (correct)
  • Amino acids
  • Carbon dioxide (correct)
  • Glycogen
  • Urea (correct)
  • Glucose

Undigested and unabsorbed food which passes out is termed as excreta in popular language. Is it a kind of excretion?

True (A)

Give a reason in support of your answer.

The passage of undigested food from the body is not a process of eliminating waste products that are formed within the body during metabolic processes. Therefore, it's not considered 'excretion' in a strict biological sense.

Name the tube arising from the notch of the kidney on the median side and connecting behind with the urinary bladder.

<p>Ureter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the tube that passes the urine to the outside of the body.

<p>Urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the inner lighter colored region of the kidney.

<p>Medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the knot-like mass of blood capillary inside Bowman's capsule.

<p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the structural and functional unit of the kidney.

<p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel enters Malpighian capsule?

<p>Afferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the nephron with their function:

<p>Bowman's Capsule = Receives glomerular filtrate Proximal Convoluted Tubule = Reabsorbs most water and certain salts Loop of Henle = Reabsorbs some water and sodium ions Distal Convoluted Tubule = Reabsorbs the remaining chloride ions and some water, secretes potassium and foreign chemicals Collecting Duct = Receives urine from several nephrons and empties into the pelvis of the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the structure to which the listed parts belong: Loop of Henle, Bowman's capsule, distal convoluted tubule, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule.

<p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rearrange the parts in their proper sequence from the starting point to where they end.

<p>Bowman's capsule, Glomerulus, Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the overall function of the kidneys?

<p>Excreting waste products from the blood and regulating water and salt balance in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term given to the process occurring in 2 and 3 (referring to the image of the kidney structure)?

<p>Tubular reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural and functional unit of the part marked '1' (referring to image of the nephron)

<p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two main organic constituents of the fluid that flows down the part labelled '3' (referring to image of the nephron)

<p>Urea and creatinine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two major steps involved in the formation of the fluid that passes down the part labelled '3' (referring to image of the nephron),

<p>Ultrafiltration and tubular reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does ultrafiltration take place?

<p>In the glomerulus of the Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contains the lowest concentration of urea?

<p>Collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure (normally) contains the lowest concentration of glucose?

<p>Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is most water reabsorbed?

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define excretion.

<p>Excretion is the process of removing waste products from the body. These waste products are either the byproducts of metabolism or substances that are present in excess and can be harmful if they build up in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the functional units of the kidneys.

<p>Nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the cortex of the kidney show a dotted appearance?

<p>The cortex of the kidney contains numerous renal corpuscles, which are the structures containing the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. These renal corpuscles are surrounded by the tubules, leading to a dotted appearance under a microscope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mention two functions of the kidney.

<ol> <li>Excretion: Removing waste products from the blood, such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid. 2. Osmoregulation: Regulating the water and salt balance in the body to maintain homeostasis.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Write two differences in the composition of the blood flowing through the blood vessels, 'A' and 'B' (referring to the image of the human kidney)

<ol> <li>Blood in vessel 'A' (afferent arteriole) is rich in oxygen and nutrients and contains high levels of urea and other waste products, while blood in vessel 'B' (efferent arteriole) has lower levels of urea and waste products but contains more oxygen due to reabsorption of water and other substances from the filtrate. 2. Blood in vessel 'A' is under higher pressure than blood in vessel 'B' due to the narrower diameter of the efferent arteriole compared to the afferent arteriole. This pressure difference contributes to the force driving ultrafiltration in the glomerulus.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is dialysis? Under what condition is it carried out?

<p>Dialysis is a medical procedure used to filter waste products from the blood when the kidneys are unable to perform this function adequately. Dialysis is carried out in cases of kidney failure or when the kidneys are severely damaged, and it is usually performed on a regular basis to maintain the patient's health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Write down the functional activity of the following parts: Glomerulus, Henle's loop, Ureter, Renal artery, Urethra.

<ol> <li>Glomerulus: Filters blood and produces glomerular filtrate. 2. Henle's loop: Reabsorbs water and salts back into the bloodstream. 3. Ureter: Transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. 4. Renal artery: Carries oxygenated blood containing waste products from the body to the kidneys. 5. Urethra: Carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Why is excretion necessary? Name the common excretory substances in our body.

<p>Excretion is necessary to remove waste products from the body that are produced as a result of metabolic processes. If these waste products are not excreted, they can accumulate in the body and cause harm. Some common excretory substances include: urea, creatinine, uric acid, water, carbon dioxide, and salts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a uriniferous tubule? How does it function?

<p>A uriniferous tubule, also known as a nephron, is the functional unit of the kidney. It is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine. The nephron consists of several parts: the Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule, each performing a specific function related to filtering, reabsorbing, and secreting substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to maintain a normal osmotic concentration of the blood?

<p>Maintaining a normal osmotic concentration of the blood is essential for cells to function properly. If the osmotic concentration of the blood is too high, water will move out of cells, causing them to shrink and possibly die. If the osmotic concentration of the blood is too low, water will enter cells, causing them to swell and potentially burst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you donate one kidney to a needy patient, would it cause any harm to you?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In summer the urine is slightly thicker than in winter. Explain the reason.

<p>In summer, our bodies lose more water through sweating than in winter. To conserve water, the kidneys reabsorb more water from the filtrate, resulting in a higher concentration of waste products in the urine, hence a thicker consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between the following pairs of terms: Bowman's capsule and malpighian capsule, Renal cortex and renal medulla, Renal pelvis and renal papilla, Urea and urine, Excretion and katabolism.

<ol> <li>Bowman's capsule and malpighian capsule: Both terms refer to the same structure, a cup-shaped structure surrounding the glomerulus. Bowman's capsule is the outer layer, and the glomerulus is the network of capillaries inside it. So, Bowman's capsule is part of the Malpighian capsule, but not vice versa. 2. Renal cortex and renal medulla: The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney, containing the glomeruli, Bowman's capsules, and proximal convoluted tubules. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney, containing the loop of Henle and the collecting ducts. 3. Renal pelvis and renal papilla: The renal pelvis is the funnel-shaped cavity at the base of the kidney that collects urine from the collecting ducts. The papilla is the apex of each renal pyramid, which projects into the renal pelvis. 4. Urea and urine: Urea is a nitrogenous waste product that is formed by the breakdown of proteins. Urine is a fluid waste product containing urea, as well as other waste products and water. 5. Excretion and katabolism: Excretion is the process of removing waste products from the body. Katabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules, releasing energy. Excretion is often the outcome of katabolism, as the breakdown of complex molecules often leads to the production of waste products that need to be eliminated.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Name the main nitrogenous metabolic waste excreted out by mammals including humans.

<p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the items in Column I with those in Column II and write down the matching pairs.

<p>Bowman's capsule = Receives glomerular filtrate Contains more CO2 and less urea = Renal vein Antidiuretic hormone = Regulates amount of water excreted Contains more urea = Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Budding

A type of asexual reproduction where a new organism forms from an outgrowth or bud on the parent organism. The bud eventually detaches and grows independently.

Fragmentation

A type of asexual reproduction where a parent organism breaks into fragments, each capable of developing into a new individual.

Binary Fission

A type of asexual reproduction where a single-celled organism divides into two identical daughter cells.

Spore Formation

A type of asexual reproduction where a specialized reproductive cell called a spore develops into a new individual. Spores are dispersed by wind or water and can survive in harsh conditions.

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Fertilization

A type of sexual reproduction that involves the fusion of two gametes (sex cells) to form a zygote, which develops into a new organism. This process results in genetic diversity.

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Development

The process by which an organism develops from a zygote to an adult. It involves cell division, differentiation, and growth.

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Direct Development

A type of development in animals where the young are born in an undeveloped state and rely on parental care for survival.

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Indirect Development

A type of development in animals where the young undergo a series of distinct stages, including a larval stage, before reaching their adult form.

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Species

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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Evolution

The process by which organisms evolve over time. It is driven by natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

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Study Notes

Excretory System: Elimination of Body Wastes

  • The excretory system removes chemical waste products, primarily nitrogenous ones, from the body.
  • This process maintains homeostasis (stable internal conditions).
  • Organs involved in urination form, storage, and elimination comprise the excretory system.
  • Defecation (passing out feces) and respiration (CO2 removal) are not considered excretion.

Substances Removed

  • Carbon dioxide and water: Produced during carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; exhaled through lungs.
  • Nitrogenous wastes: Include urea, uric acid, and ammonia, produced mainly by the liver from protein breakdown. Urea is toxic if accumulated and is removed by kidneys.
  • Excess salts (NaCl): Removed primarily via kidneys.
  • Excess vitamins (B & C): Removed primarily via kidneys.

Organs of the Excretory System

  • Kidneys: Primary excretory organs, forming urine. The kidneys are composed of cortex and medulla and consist of a branched system of tubules.
  • Sweat glands: Secondary excretory organs involved in cooling; minor role in removing nitrogenous wastes.
  • Lungs: Remove carbon dioxide and water vapor (part of the water in the body).

Urine Formation

  • Ultrafiltration: High pressure in the glomerulus forces water and small solutes into Bowman's capsule forming glomerular filtrate. Large and vital molecules remain in the blood.
  • Reabsorption: Useful substances, including water, glucose, amino acids, and some salts are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate back into the blood, in the nephron.
  • Tubular secretion: Certain substances (like potassium and drugs) are selectively moved from the blood into the tubule.

Kidney Structure

  • Nephrons: Functional units, with numerous parts, including Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.

Additional Information

  • 350-400 times a day, blood circulates through the kidneys, with 1-2 litres of blood processed each minute.
  • The quantity of water and solids in urine depends on diet and other factors.
  • Kidney failure requires dialysis to remove wastes from the blood.

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ICSE Class 10 Biology - The Excretory System PDF

Description

This quiz covers the basics of the excretory system, including its functions in eliminating body wastes and maintaining homeostasis. Learn about the organs involved in urination and the types of substances removed by the body. Test your knowledge on how the kidneys and other systems contribute to excretion.

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