NCERT - EXCRETORY PRODUCTS & THEIR ELIMINATION - 24-25
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Questions and Answers

Which nitrogenous waste is the most toxic and requires large amounts of water for its elimination?

  • Carbon dioxide
  • Uric acid
  • Ammonia (correct)
  • Urea

    • Uric acid is excreted by aquatic animals to conserve water.

    False

    What term is used to describe animals that primarily excrete ammonia?

    Ammonotelic

    Mammals that excrete urea are known as _______ animals.

    <p>ureotelic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nitrogenous wastes with their characteristics:

    <p>Ammonia = Highly toxic and requires large water for elimination Urea = Less toxic and requires moderate water for elimination Uric Acid = Least toxic and requires minimal water for elimination Water = A necessity for the excretion of ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do kidneys play in the removal of ammonia?

    <p>They do not play a significant role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uricotelic animals excrete nitrogenous wastes in a liquid form.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of an ammonotelic animal.

    <p>Bony fishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for the filtration of blood?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cortical nephrons have longer loops of Henle compared to juxta medullary nephrons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main processes involved in urine formation?

    <p>glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood is filtered through three layers: the endothelium of glomerular blood vessels, the epithelium of ______ capsule, and a basement membrane.

    <p>Bowman's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nephron types with their characteristics:

    <p>Cortical nephrons = Short loops of Henle Juxta medullary nephrons = Long loops of Henle running deep into the medulla Peritubular capillaries = Network around renal tubules Vasa recta = Parallel vessel to Henle's loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate average volume of blood filtered by the kidneys per minute?

    <p>1100-1200 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Podocytes are epithelial cells of the glomerulus that help in the filtration process.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The capillary network emerging from the efferent arteriole is called ______ capillaries.

    <p>peritubular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily reabsorbed in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)?

    <p>Na+ and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The collecting duct is responsible for producing dilute urine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism helps maintain the osmolarity in the inner medulla of the kidney?

    <p>Counter current mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flow of filtrate in the two limbs of Henle’s loop is in __________ directions.

    <p>opposite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the renal structure with its primary function:

    <p>Distal Convoluted Tubule = Reabsorbs Na+ and water Collecting Duct = Produces concentrated urine Henle’s Loop = Establishes osmolarity gradient Vasa Recta = Transfers substances in counter current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is exchanged between the ascending limb of Henle’s loop and the descending limb of vasa recta?

    <p>NaCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ascending limb of Henle’s loop allows for the passage of urea into the interstitium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ion is selectively secreted by the collecting duct to help maintain pH balance?

    <p>Hydrogen ions (H+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in kidney regulation?

    <p>Promotes water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angiotensin II is known for causing vasodilation and decreasing blood pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) in kidney function?

    <p>Regulates glomerular blood flow and blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mechanism that helps maintain a concentration gradient in the kidneys is called ______.

    <p>counter current mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their primary functions:

    <p>ADH = Water reabsorption Aldosterone = Sodium reabsorption ANF = Vasodilation and decrease blood pressure Renin = Activation of angiotensinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much more concentrated can human kidneys make urine compared to the initial filtrate?

    <p>Four times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central nervous system gives the voluntary signal for micturition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do osmoreceptors play in kidney function?

    <p>They detect changes in blood volume and ionic concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of nitrogenous waste excretion in bony fish?

    <p>Ammonotelism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ascending limb of Henle's loop is permeable to water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone _______ facilitates water reabsorption from the distal parts of the renal tubules.

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following excretion methods with the corresponding organisms:

    <p>Ammonotelism = Bony fish Uricotelism = Birds Ureotelism = Mammals Flame cells = Planarians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

    <p>Reabsorption and selective secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The descending limb of Henle's loop dilutes the filtrate as it moves down.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of filtrate is typically reabsorbed in the nephron?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of urine formation involves three main processes: filtration, reabsorption, and _______.

    <p>secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)' refer to?

    <p>The rate at which blood is filtered by the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The collecting duct allows extensive reabsorption of water only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nephron structures with their primary functions:

    <p>Bowman's capsule = Filtration of blood Loop of Henle = Maintaining osmolar gradient Distal convoluted tubule = Further reabsorption and secretion Collecting duct = Final concentration of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) play in the nephron?

    <p>Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous waste is primarily excreted by reptiles and birds?

    <p>Uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ureotelic animals excrete uric acid as their primary nitrogenous waste.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of excreting ammonia in ammonotelic animals?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mammals and many terrestrial amphibians are referred to as ________ animals due to their primary excretion of urea.

    <p>ureotelic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nitrogenous wastes with their properties:

    <p>Ammonia = Most toxic Urea = Moderately toxic Uric Acid = Least toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals is likely to be ammonotelic?

    <p>Goldfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aquatic amphibians excrete nitrogenous waste primarily as urea.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of uric acid excretion for terrestrial animals?

    <p>Conservation of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nephridia in annelids?

    <p>Nitrogenous waste removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protonephridia are exclusively found in vertebrates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the excretory structures present in crustaceans.

    <p>Antennal glands or green glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is a broad funnel-shaped space in the kidney where urine collects.

    <p>renal pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following excretory structures with the organisms they are associated with:

    <p>Protonephridia = Platyhelminthes Malpighian tubules = Insects Nephridia = Earthworms Antennal glands = Crustaceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the human excretory system?

    <p>Gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average human kidney measures approximately 20 cm in length.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average weight range of an adult human kidney?

    <p>120-170 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is responsible for the majority of reabsorption of water and solutes?

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal cortex is made up of the glomeruli and renal tubules.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of each nephron?

    <p>Glomerulus and renal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hairpin shaped loop in the nephron is known as __________.

    <p>Henle's loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nephron parts with their functions:

    <p>Bowman's capsule = Encloses the glomerulus Distal convoluted tubule = Secretion of ions and reabsorption of water Collecting duct = Final concentration of urine Henle's loop = Establishes a concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure carries blood away from the glomerulus?

    <p>Efferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal columns are extensions of the medulla between the medullary pyramids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood enters the glomerulus via the __________ arteriole.

    <p>afferent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes nephrons with long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla?

    <p>Juxta medullary nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cortical nephrons have a longer loop of Henle than juxta medullary nephrons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process in urine formation that takes place in the glomerulus?

    <p>Glomerular filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The arteries that supply blood to the nephron are called ______ arteriole.

    <p>efferent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nephron parts with their primary characteristic:

    <p>Malpighian corpuscle = Site of filtration Proximal convoluted tubule = Site for reabsorption Distal convoluted tubule = Site for secretion Loop of Henle = Regulates osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average volume of blood filtered by the kidneys per minute?

    <p>1100-1200 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Podocytes are responsible for preventing proteins from passing through the filtration slits.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily runs parallel to the Loop of Henle forming the vasa recta?

    <p>Peritubular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that involves the release of urine?

    <p>Micturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main organ responsible for the excretion of carbon dioxide is the liver.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the stretch receptors in the urinary bladder play?

    <p>They send signals to the CNS indicating the bladder is full.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary waste product excreted in urine is _______.

    <p>urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the organs with their excretory functions:

    <p>Kidneys = Urine formation Lungs = CO2 elimination Liver = Bile secretion Skin = Sweat elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the urine formed by healthy adults?

    <p>Slightly acidic pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uremia is a condition caused by excess urea accumulation in the blood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one way in which the skin contributes to excretion.

    <p>Through the secretion of sweat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using anticoagulants like heparin during haemodialysis?

    <p>To prevent blood clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of the nephron is to transport blood to various organs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of dialysing fluid in haemodialysis compared to plasma?

    <p>It has the same composition as plasma except for nitrogenous wastes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In kidney transplantation, a functioning kidney is preferably taken from a ______.

    <p>close relative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are renal calculi?

    <p>Stones formed from crystallized salts in the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the glomerulus in the nephron?

    <p>Filtration of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The porous cellophane membrane in the dialysing unit allows all molecules to pass through.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

    <p>Filtration of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal tubule includes Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main parts of a nephron?

    <p>Glomerulus and renal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nephrons has loops of Henle that dip deep into the medulla?

    <p>Juxta medullary nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The function of podocytes is to create filtration slits for blood filtering in the nephron.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tubule after Bowman’s capsule is called the _______ convoluted tubule.

    <p>proximal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the renal structures with their respective functions:

    <p>Glomerulus = Filtration of blood Bowman’s capsule = Enclosing the glomerulus Collecting duct = Converging urine from multiple nephrons Henle’s loop = Reabsorption of water and salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is primarily involved in the reabsorption of water?

    <p>Collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The capillary network formed around the renal tubule is known as ______.

    <p>peritubular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medulla of the kidney contains renal columns known as Columns of Bertini.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nephron components with their locations:

    <p>Malpighian corpuscle = Cortex of the kidney Proximal convoluted tubule = Cortex of the kidney Loop of Henle = Medulla of the kidney Distal convoluted tubule = Cortex of the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood is filtered by the kidneys per minute?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the efferent arteriole?

    <p>Carries blood away from the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All nephrons have long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In urine formation, glomerular filtration is primarily carried out by the ______.

    <p>glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) increases blood pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ADH stand for?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) is to regulate __________.

    <p>glomerular blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process allows the kidneys to produce urine that is four times more concentrated than the initial filtrate?

    <p>Counter current mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The collecting duct primarily allows the reabsorption of sodium ions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of activating osmoreceptors in response to fluid loss?

    <p>Release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy individual?

    <p>125 ml/minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) is responsible for releasing renin in response to a decrease in glomerular filtration rate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of reabsorption in the nephron ensures that nearly ______ percent of the filtrate is reabsorbed.

    <p>99</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which segment of the nephron is water passively reabsorbed in the descending limb?

    <p>Descending Limb of Loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nephron parts with their primary functions:

    <p>Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) = Reabsorption of nutrients and electrolytes Henle's Loop = Regulation of osmolarity Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) = Fine-tuning of electrolyte balance Collecting Duct = Final concentration of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both active and passive transport mechanisms are involved in the reabsorption of substances in the nephron.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tubular secretion involves the movement of substances such as ______ and ammonia into the filtrate.

    <p>H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of releasing urine known as?

    <p>Micturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of glucose in urine is commonly known as Ketonuria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the signal for the micturition reflex?

    <p>Stretching of the urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average volume of urine excreted by an adult human is ________ liters per day.

    <p>1 to 1.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organs with their roles in excretion:

    <p>Kidneys = Formation of urine Lungs = Removal of CO2 Liver = Secretion of bile Skin = Elimination of sweat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of kidney malfunction?

    <p>Uremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sweat is primarily produced for waste removal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hemodialysis used for?

    <p>To remove urea from the blood in cases of kidney failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the coiled cellophane tube in the artificial kidney during haemodialysis?

    <p>To filter blood based on size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kidney transplantation is the first-line treatment for acute renal failures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main excretory organ in humans?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The unit used in haemodialysis is commonly referred to as the ______ kidney.

    <p>artificial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Glomerulonephritis = Inflammation of glomeruli of kidney Renal calculi = Stone or insoluble mass of crystallised salts Protonephridia = Excretory organs found in flatworms Nephridia = Excretory organs found in annelids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of nephrons in the kidney?

    <p>They filter blood and produce urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by reptiles and birds.

    <p>Uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dialysing fluid used in haemodialysis contains nitrogenous wastes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malpighian tubules are primarily responsible for osmoregulation in crustaceans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are involved in the human excretory system?

    <p>Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average weight of a human kidney is ______ grams.

    <p>120-170</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following excretory structures with their corresponding organisms:

    <p>Protonephridia = Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) Nephridia = Earthworms Malpighian Tubules = Insects Antennal Glands = Crustaceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the renal pelvis?

    <p>The space for urine collection in the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outer layer of the kidney is known as the renal cortex.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The organs of the human excretory system are primarily located between the last ______ vertebra and the third lumbar vertebra.

    <p>thoracic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haemodialysis uses an artificial kidney to filter blood without the need for anticoagulants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main nitrogenous wastes excreted by mammals?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structures that control the production of urine in the kidneys are called _______.

    <p>nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the urinary system with their functions:

    <p>Kidneys = Filter blood and produce urine Ureters = Transport urine to the bladder Urinary bladder = Store urine Urethra = Excrete urine from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common excretory organ in animals?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Renal calculi are formed from dissolved proteins in the kidney.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of heparin in the dialysis process?

    <p>It acts as an anticoagulant to prevent blood clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily occurs in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)?

    <p>Reabsorption of Na+ and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The collecting duct does not play a role in the maintenance of blood pH and ionic balance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is crucial for maintaining osmolarity in the inner medullary interstitium?

    <p>Counter current mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mammals, the concentration of urine varies significantly due to the presence of _______ in the nephron.

    <p>Henle's loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their functions:

    <p>Henle's loop = Counter current mechanism Distal Convoluted Tubule = Conditional reabsorption of Na+ Collecting duct = Concentration of urine Vasa recta = Blood flow regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the role of urea in the collecting duct is true?

    <p>Small amounts of urea are secreted to maintain osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NaCl is transported by the descending limb of Henle’s loop.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the flow of filtrate in the limbs of Henle's loop occur?

    <p>In opposite directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous waste requires large amounts of water for its elimination?

    <p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uric acid excretion requires a significant amount of water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes animals that excrete urea as their primary nitrogenous waste?

    <p>Ureotelic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of excreting nitrogenous wastes in the form of pellets or paste is known as _____.

    <p>Uricotelism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following animal types with their primary nitrogenous waste:

    <p>Bony Fish = Ammonia Mammals = Urea Birds = Uric acid Terrestrial Amphibians = Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of nitrogenous waste excretion?

    <p>Protein metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys play a significant role in the elimination of ammonia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of reabsorption in the nephron?

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) indicates the amount of blood filtered by the glomerulus per minute.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the three main processes involved in urine formation.

    <p>Filtration, reabsorption, or secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone ______ regulates water reabsorption in the kidney.

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nephron components with their roles:

    <p>Proximal Convoluted Tubule = Reabsorption of nutrients and water Loop of Henle = Maintaining osmolar gradient Distal Convoluted Tubule = Secretion of ions Collecting Duct = Final concentration of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for concentrating the urine?

    <p>Loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein-free fluid gets filtered from blood plasma into the Bowman’s capsule.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urine is stored in the ______ until it is released through the urethra.

    <p>urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is responsible for producing concentrated urine?

    <p>Collecting Duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal tubule only consists of the proximal convoluted tubule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cup-like structure enclosing the glomerulus?

    <p>Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is a tuft of capillaries formed by the afferent arteriole.

    <p>glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nephron structures with their respective functions:

    <p>Bowman's Capsule = Encloses the glomerulus Renal Tubule = Site of reabsorption and secretion Collecting Duct = Concentrates urine Glomerulus = Initial filtration unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is involved in the reabsorption process?

    <p>Henle's Loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medulla of the kidney contains the renal columns known as the Columns of Bertini.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nephron has a long loop of Henle that extends deep into the medulla?

    <p>Juxta medullary nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glomerular filtration rate is approximately 2000-2400 ml of blood filtered by the kidneys per minute.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The capillaries surrounding the renal tubule are called ______ capillaries.

    <p>peritubular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the podocytes in the nephron?

    <p>Filtering blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cortical nephrons typically have longer loops of Henle compared to juxta medullary nephrons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of urine formation in the kidneys?

    <p>To remove waste products and regulate water balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the liver in excretion?

    <p>Conversion of ammonia to urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of expelling urine from the body?

    <p>Micturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) plays a key role in _______ regulation.

    <p>blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following excretory structures with the corresponding animals:

    <p>Flame cells = a. Chordates Malpighian tubules = b. Insects Nephridia = c. Annelids Kidneys = d. Mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy individual?

    <p>125 ml/minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) helps to decrease glomerular blood flow when activated.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the filtrate formed is typically reabsorbed by the renal tubules?

    <p>99</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which substances are transported back into the blood from the filtrate is called __________.

    <p>reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nephron segments with their primary function:

    <p>Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) = Reabsorption of most nutrients Loop of Henle = Maintenance of osmolarity Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) = Regulation of pH and ionic balance Collecting Duct = Final concentration of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances are primarily reabsorbed actively in the nephron?

    <p>Glucose and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tubular secretion is essential for maintaining acid-base balance in the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released by JG cells when there is a fall in GFR?

    <p>renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Henle's loop primarily helps dilute the urine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).

    <p>The volume of blood filtered by the glomerulus per minute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ plays a significant role in the regulation of GFR.

    <p>Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT part of urine formation?

    <p>Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nephron segments with their primary functions:

    <p>Bowman's Capsule = Houses glomerulus and initiates filtration Loop of Henle = Maintains osmotic gradient Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) = Reabsorbs water and electrolytes Collecting Duct = Concentrates urine before excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, leading to more concentrated urine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the micturition process?

    <p>Voluntary release of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The collecting duct allows for the reabsorption of large amounts of urea.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the Henle’s loop and vasa recta play in the kidneys?

    <p>They are involved in maintaining an increasing osmolarity towards the inner medullary interstitium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The selective secretion of H+ and K+ ions in the collecting duct helps maintain ______ balance.

    <p>pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is selectively reabsorbed in the Distal Convoluted Tubule to maintain sodium-potassium balance?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flow of filtrate in the two limbs of Henle’s loop occurs in the same direction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the osmolarity gradient in the inner medulla?

    <p>NaCl and urea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of dialysing fluid during haemodialysis?

    <p>To maintain the composition of plasma without nitrogenous wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The functioning kidney used in transplantation must come from a direct sibling to minimize rejection risk.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of filtering blood is primarily carried out by the __________.

    <p>glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nitrogenous wastes with their primary excreting animals:

    <p>Ammonia = Aquatic animals Urea = Mammals Uric Acid = Reptiles Creatinine = Mammals and fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of anti-heparin in haemodialysis?

    <p>It neutralizes the effects of heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys only excrete nitrogenous wastes and do not play any role in ionic balance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the collecting duct in the nephron?

    <p>Concentration of urine and reabsorption of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specialized portion of the nephron that regulates Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is called the __________.

    <p>Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the nephron with their primary function:

    <p>Bowman's Capsule = Filtration of blood Loop of Henle = Maintaining osmolar gradient Distal Convoluted Tubule = Selective reabsorption and secretion Collecting Duct = Concentrating urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much blood is typically filtered by the glomerulus per minute?

    <p>1200 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADH helps in water reabsorption, making the urine more concentrated.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of micturition?

    <p>To expel urine from the urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term osmoregulation refers to the regulation of body fluids and osmotic pressure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What three main processes are involved in urine formation?

    <p>Filtration, reabsorption, secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures in the kidney are responsible for the filtration of blood?

    <p>Glomeruli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ascending limb of Henle's loop is _______ to water whereas the descending limb is _______ to it.

    <p>impermeable, permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nephridia in earthworms?

    <p>Removing nitrogenous wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malpighian tubules are found in mammals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects the kidneys to the bladder?

    <p>Ureters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The excretory structures in crustaceans are called _______ glands.

    <p>Antennal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following excretory structures with their respective organisms:

    <p>Protonephridia = Flatworms and some annelids Nephridia = Earthworms Malpighian tubules = Insects Antennal glands = Crustaceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the human kidneys?

    <p>Bean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ primarily initiates the micturition reflex?

    <p>Urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hilum is where blood vessels enter the kidney.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Micturition is the process of urine formation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What average volume of urine does an adult human excrete per day?

    <p>1 to 1.5 litres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The elimination of excretory wastes through the skin occurs via ______.

    <p>sweat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organs with their primary role in excretion:

    <p>Kidneys = Filtration of blood and urine formation Lungs = Removal of CO2 Liver = Secretion of bile Skin = Elimination of wastes through sweat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common condition related to kidney malfunction?

    <p>Hemodialysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of sweat glands is the elimination of urea.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which waste can indicate diabetes mellitus when found in urine?

    <p>Glucose or ketone bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is added to the blood during haemodialysis to prevent clotting?

    <p>Heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The function of kidneys includes the maintenance of ionic and acid-base balance in the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the kidney?

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kidney transplantation is the ultimate method of correcting ______ failures.

    <p>renal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of nitrogenous wastes with the corresponding animal groups:

    <p>Ammonia = Aquatic animals Urea = Mammals Uric acid = Birds and reptiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of blood is primarily filtered through the glomerulus?

    <p>Blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are renal calculi composed of?

    <p>Crystallized salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in kidney function?

    <p>Promotes water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dialysing fluid used in haemodialysis contains nitrogenous wastes similar to those in blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) acts to increase blood pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is released in response to excessive loss of fluid from the body?

    <p>antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mechanism by which the JGA regulates blood pressure is called the _______ mechanism.

    <p>Renin-Angiotensin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the nephron with their functions:

    <p>Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) = Reabsorption of nutrients and water Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) = Reabsorption of sodium and water Collecting Duct = Regulates final urine concentration Glomerulus = Filtration of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of osmoreceptors in the kidneys?

    <p>They activate ADH release when fluid levels are low.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human kidneys can produce urine that is four times less concentrated than the initial filtrate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does angiotensin II have on blood pressure?

    <p>It increases blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for excretion in insects?

    <p>Malpighian tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the excretory structures in crustaceans called?

    <p>Antennal glands or green glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner part of the kidney that contains a funnel-shaped space is called the ______.

    <p>renal pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their primary functions:

    <p>Protonephridia = Osmoregulation in flatworms Nephridia = Nitrogenous waste removal in annelids Malpighian tubules = Osmoregulation in insects Antennal glands = Excretion in crustaceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the kidneys?

    <p>They weigh between 120-170 g.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hilum of the kidney is where blood vessels and nerves exit the kidney.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average size of an adult human kidney in centimeters?

    <p>10-12 cm in length, 5-7 cm in width, 2-3 cm in thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals are primarily ureotelic?

    <p>Mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uric acid is the most toxic form of nitrogenous waste and requires a large amount of water for its elimination.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes animals that primarily excrete uric acid?

    <p>Uricotelic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aquatic amphibians and many bony fishes mainly excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of ______.

    <p>ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nitrogenous wastes with their toxicity levels:

    <p>Ammonia = Most toxic Urea = Moderately toxic Uric Acid = Least toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the excretion process in animals?

    <p>Uric acid excretion minimizes water loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of excreting ammonia is known as ureotelism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the major forms of nitrogenous waste produced by animals.

    <p>Ammonia, Urea, or Uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angiotensin II is a powerful vasodilator that decreases blood pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism helps to maintain the concentration gradient in the kidneys?

    <p>Counter current mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) releases _____ to regulate blood pressure.

    <p>renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about urine concentration in human kidneys is correct?

    <p>Human kidneys can produce urine nearly four times concentrated than the initial filtrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The release of Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) results in increased blood pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the hormone that activates the release of water from the collecting tubule.

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes nephrons with short loops of Henle that extend only a little into the medulla?

    <p>Cortical nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The peritubular capillaries are formed from the efferent arteriole of the glomerulus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ capsule contains podocytes that play a role in blood filtration.

    <p>Bowman's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the nephron with their primary function:

    <p>Proximal Convoluted Tubule = Reabsorption of nutrients Loop of Henle = Concentration of urine Distal Convoluted Tubule = Secretion of ions Collecting Duct = Final concentration of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the blood pumped out by each ventricle is typically filtered by the kidneys per minute?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vasa recta is highly developed in cortical nephrons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of podocytes in the nephron?

    <p>To facilitate filtration of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process involved in the release of urine?

    <p>Micturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average adult human excretes approximately 2 liters of urine per day.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the waste materials primarily removed by the lungs?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contraction of smooth muscles in the bladder and the relaxation of the urethral sphincter during urine release is part of the ______ reflex.

    <p>micturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates the presence of diabetes mellitus in urine?

    <p>Ketone bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uremia is a condition resulting from the accumulation of urea in the blood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sweat glands in relation to excretion?

    <p>To help remove waste products through sweat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily responsible for the filtration of blood in the kidneys?

    <p>Ultrafiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is the primary site for reabsorption in the nephron.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the counter current mechanism in the kidney?

    <p>To maintain osmolar gradient and concentrate urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary fluid filtered from the blood plasma into the Bowman’s capsule is ________.

    <p>protein-free fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urine is released involuntarily through the urethra.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of protonephridia in Platyhelminthes?

    <p>Ionic and fluid volume regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malpighian tubules are found in earthworms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main excretory structures in crustaceans like prawns?

    <p>Antennal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average weight of an adult human kidney is between _____ grams.

    <p>120-170</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following excretory structures with the organisms they are found in:

    <p>Protonephridia = Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) Nephridia = Earthworms and annelids Malpighian tubules = Insects Antennal glands = Crustaceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human kidney is a notch where blood vessels and ureters enter?

    <p>Hilum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outer layer of the kidney is called the renal pelvis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape and color of a human kidney?

    <p>Reddish brown and bean-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The collecting duct increases the water reabsorption based on the body's needs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism helps maintain an increasing osmolarity towards the inner medullary interstitium in the kidneys?

    <p>Counter current mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ limb of Henle's loop is responsible for NaCl transport.

    <p>ascending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following segments of the nephron with their primary function:

    <p>Proximal Convoluted Tubule = Reabsorption of most nutrients Distal Convoluted Tubule = Conditional reabsorption of Na+ and water Collecting Duct = Final adjustments of urine concentration Henle's Loop = Establishes osmolarity gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the vasa recta is true?

    <p>It helps maintain the osmolarity gradient in the medulla.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ions are selectively secreted by the collecting duct to help maintain blood pH balance?

    <p>H+ and K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy individual?

    <p>125 ml/minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of the filtrate produced by the kidneys is excreted as urine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) in the kidneys?

    <p>To regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and maintain blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorbs approximately _____ percent of electrolytes and water.

    <p>70-80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nephron segments with their functions:

    <p>Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) = Reabsorbs essential nutrients and 70-80% of electrolytes Loop of Henle = Maintains osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) = Regulates pH and ionic balance Collecting Duct = Reabsorbs water and concentrates urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is primarily responsible for reabsorbing glucose and amino acids in the nephron?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The descending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of tubular secretion in the kidneys?

    <p>To maintain ionic and acid-base balance of body fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the release of urine?

    <p>Micturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of sweat is to eliminate nitrogenous wastes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average volume of urine excreted by an adult human per day?

    <p>1 to 1.5 litres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contraction of smooth muscles of the bladder is initiated by __________.

    <p>motor messages from the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organs to their excretory functions:

    <p>Kidneys = Filtering blood and forming urine Lungs = Removing CO2 and water Liver = Secreting bile and removing metabolic waste Skin = Eliminating waste through sweat and sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the accumulation of urea in the blood?

    <p>Uremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of glucose in urine indicates a healthy, functioning kidney.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bodily waste is primarily eliminated through the lungs?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of micturition is under involuntary control only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ loop helps maintain osmolar gradient within the kidney interstitium.

    <p>Henle's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the nephron with their functions:

    <p>Bowman's capsule = Encloses the glomerulus Henle's loop = Maintains osmolar gradient Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) = Reabsorbs water and electrolytes Collecting duct = Concentrates urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)?

    <p>Regulates blood pressure and GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ADH play in kidney function?

    <p>ADH promotes the reabsorption of water in the collecting duct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main zones inside the kidney?

    <p>Cortex and Medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal tubule includes the Bowman’s capsule and the collecting duct.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the kidney called?

    <p>nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The double-walled cup-like structure that encloses the glomerulus is called __________.

    <p>Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the nephron with their functions:

    <p>Proximal Convoluted Tubule = Reabsorption of nutrients and electrolytes Henle’s Loop = Concentration of urine through osmotic gradients Distal Convoluted Tubule = Secretion and further reabsorption Collecting Duct = Water reabsorption and urine concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the conical masses in the medulla called?

    <p>Medullary pyramids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The efferent arteriole carries blood towards the glomerulus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is formed by the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule?

    <p>malpighian body or renal corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is responsible for filtering blood?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal tubule consists of only one section following the glomerulus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure encloses the glomerulus?

    <p>Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner region of the kidney contains structures known as __________ pyramids.

    <p>medullary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nephron components with their functions:

    <p>Glomerulus = Filtration of blood Proximal convoluted tubule = Reabsorption of nutrients Henle's loop = Regulation of water reabsorption Collecting duct = Final concentration of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the renal columns (Columns of Bertini)?

    <p>To support the medullary pyramids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each kidney contains approximately one hundred thousand nephrons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the straight tube that many distal convoluted tubules open into?

    <p>Collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by reptiles and birds?

    <p>Uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urea is less toxic than ammonia and requires more water for its excretion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the elimination of ammonia by aquatic animals?

    <p>Ammonotelism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians, and marine fishes primarily excrete __________.

    <p>urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following forms of nitrogenous wastes with their toxicities:

    <p>Ammonia = Most toxic Urea = Intermediate toxicity Uric acid = Least toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals is typically ureotelic?

    <p>Desert tortoise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ammonia is excreted through kidneys in most aquatic animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation do terrestrial animals have for nitrogenous waste excretion?

    <p>Excretion of urea or uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of protonephridia in organisms such as Platyhelminthes?

    <p>Osmoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nephridia are responsible for osmoregulation in crustaceans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of the human excretory system?

    <p>Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outer layer of the kidney is known as the _______.

    <p>capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following excretory structures with the organisms they belong to:

    <p>Protonephridia = Platyhelminthes Nephridia = Annelids Malpighian tubules = Insects Antennal glands = Crustaceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding human kidneys?

    <p>Each kidney measures between 10-12 cm in length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal pelvis is located before the hilum in the kidney.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weight range of an adult human kidney?

    <p>120-170 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Malpighian corpuscle in the nephron?

    <p>Filtration of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cortical nephrons have long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ arteriole emerges from the glomerulus and forms a capillary network around the renal tubule.

    <p>efferent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nephron structures with their corresponding functions:

    <p>Malpighian corpuscle = Filtration of blood Proximal convoluted tubule = Reabsorption of nutrients Distal convoluted tubule = Secretion of ions Loop of Henle = Regulation of urine concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate volume of blood filtered by the kidneys per minute?

    <p>1100-1200 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vasa recta are present in cortical nephrons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the bladder's stretch receptors?

    <p>To send signals for urine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Micturition refers to the process of urine formation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average daily volume of urine excreted by an adult human?

    <p>1 to 1.5 litres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of glucose in urine is referred to as ______.

    <p>glycosuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organs with their excretory roles:

    <p>Kidneys = Excrete urea Lungs = Remove CO2 and water Liver = Secrete bile and metabolic waste Skin = Eliminate sweat and sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from the accumulation of urea in the blood?

    <p>Uremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) in kidney function?

    <p>Regulation of blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sweat primarily functions to eliminate nitrogenous wastes from the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances do sebaceous glands secrete?

    <p>Sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is micturition?

    <p>The process of expelling urine from the urinary bladder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term _______ refers to the regulation of water and solute concentrations in the body.

    <p>osmoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary excretory structure in earthworms?

    <p>Nephridia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the renal pelvis?

    <p>A funnel-shaped space that collects urine from calyces and sends it to the ureter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ glands perform excretory functions in crustaceans.

    <p>antennal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape and average weight of human kidneys?

    <p>Bean-shaped, 120-170 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nephron is responsible for reabsorbing all of the blood filtered by the kidneys.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how long is an adult human kidney?

    <p>10-12 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is NOT primarily involved in excretion?

    <p>Intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Micturition refers to the voluntary act of expelling urine from the urinary bladder.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is osmoregulation?

    <p>The regulation of water and solute concentrations in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ascending limb of Henle’s loop is _______ to water, while the descending limb is _______ to it.

    Signup and view all the answers

    Which nephron type has a shorter loop of Henle?

    <p>Cortical nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Juxta medullary nephrons have loops of Henle that run shallow into the medulla.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the efferent arteriole in the nephron?

    <p>It forms a capillary network around the renal tubule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three main processes involved in urine formation are glomerular filtration, __________, and secretion.

    <p>reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Podocytes are responsible for reabsorption in the nephron.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many milliliters of blood are filtered by the kidneys per minute on average?

    <p>1100-1200 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is responsible for creating the filtration slits in the renal corpuscle?

    <p>Podocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Facilitates water reabsorption from the renal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The release of Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) results in vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Renin-Angiotensin mechanism' refer to?

    <p>A regulatory mechanism that increases blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An increase in _______ volume can switch off the osmoreceptors and suppress the release of ADH.

    <p>body fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their primary functions in kidney regulation:

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) = Facilitates water reabsorption Renin = Increases blood pressure Angiotensin II = Powerful vasoconstrictor Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) = Decreases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component directly activates the adrenal cortex to release Aldosterone?

    <p>Angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human kidneys can concentrate urine to four times the initial filtrate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in blood pressure have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>It increases the GFR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is called when urine is released from the bladder?

    <p>Micturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of sweat is to remove nitrogenous wastes from the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance in urine is indicative of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accumulation of urea in the blood due to kidney malfunction is called ______.

    <p>uremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much urine does an adult human excrete on average per day?

    <p>1 to 1.5 litres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sweat mainly consists of urea and sodium chloride.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the neural mechanism causing urine release?

    <p>Micturition reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reabsorption of glucose in the nephron primarily occurs through passive transport.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is triggered by a fall in GFR to regulate blood flow?

    <p>Renin release from juxtaglomerular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water.

    <p>ascending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the filtrate is typically reabsorbed by the renal tubules?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distal convoluted tubule primarily reabsorbs water passively.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main transport mechanisms used by tubular epithelial cells for reabsorption?

    <p>Active and passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of excretion is characterized by the elimination of nitrogenous wastes as uric acid?

    <p>Uricotelism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distal convoluted tubule is primarily responsible for the active reabsorption of glucose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of excretion with their primary roles:

    <p>Liver = Detoxifies ammonia to urea Lungs = Excretes carbon dioxide Skin = Regulates sweat and water loss Kidneys = Filters blood and produces urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the double-walled cup-like structure that encloses the glomerulus?

    <p>Bowman’s capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner medulla of the kidney contains the renal corpuscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal tubule begins with a structure called _______ that encapsulates the glomerulus.

    <p>Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for carrying blood away from the glomerulus?

    <p>Efferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nephron segments with their corresponding functions:

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule = Reabsorption of nutrients and water Henle’s loop = Concentration of urine Distal convoluted tubule = Regulation of potassium and sodium levels Collecting duct = Final concentration of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Columns of Bertini are extensions of the inner medulla.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conical masses projecting into the calyces are known as _______.

    <p>medullary pyramids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malpighian tubules are excretory structures found in mammals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average length of a human kidney?

    <p>10-12 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The excretory function in crustaceans is performed by __________.

    <p>antennal glands or green glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human excretory system is responsible for storing urine?

    <p>Urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hilum of the kidney is where blood vessels and nerves enter.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape are human kidneys?

    <p>Bean-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) on kidney function?

    <p>Facilitates water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Micturition refers to the involuntary process of urine excretion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the powerful vasoconstrictor that increases glomerular blood pressure.

    <p>Angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mechanism that regulates blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is known as the _______ mechanism.

    <p>Renin-Angiotensin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hormones with their primary functions:

    <p>ADH = Facilitates water reabsorption Aldosterone = Reabsorbs Na+ and water ANF = Decreases blood pressure Renin = Increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vasa recta plays an essential role in maintaining the concentration gradient in the kidney.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human kidneys can produce urine nearly ______ times concentrated than the initial filtrate.

    <p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following parts of the nephron is situated in the medulla?

    <p>Loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in urine formation?

    <p>glomerular filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The capillary network around the renal tubule is called ______ capillaries.

    <p>peritubular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nephron types with their descriptions:

    <p>Cortical nephrons = Have short loops of Henle Juxta medullary nephrons = Have long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) = Primary site for reabsorption Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) = Involved in secretion and further reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The filtration slits present in the podocytes allow all components of plasma to pass through.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorbs nearly all essential nutrients in the nephron.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)?

    <p>Regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys filter and reabsorb about ________ liters of filtrate per day.

    <p>180</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport is primarily used for the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids in the nephron?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During urine formation, what substances do tubular cells secrete into the filtrate?

    <p>H+, K+, and ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Henle’s loop in the nephron?

    <p>Maintains osmolar gradient in the kidney interstitium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Filtration in the kidneys is a selective process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

    <p>The rate at which blood is filtered through the glomerulus, typically about 125 ml per minute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can be secreted into the filtrate by the DCT?

    <p>Ammonium (NH3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADH promotes water retention in the kidneys, resulting in concentrated urine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is involved in concentrating the filtrate in the loop of Henle?

    <p>Counter current mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogenous wastes requires the least amount of water for elimination?

    <p>Uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ammonotelism is a process primarily used by terrestrial mammals for nitrogenous waste elimination.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the form in which reptiles and birds primarily excrete nitrogenous wastes?

    <p>Uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mammals that produce urea as their primary nitrogenous waste are classified as __________ animals.

    <p>ureotelic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organisms with their primary nitrogenous waste excretion:

    <p>Bony Fish = Ammonia Mammals = Urea Reptiles = Uric acid Aquatic Amphibians = Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary advantage of excreting uric acid over ammonia?

    <p>Less toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uricotelic animals are those that excrete nitrogenous waste in liquid form.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nitrogenous waste do aquatic insects primarily excrete?

    <p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malpighian tubules are responsible for osmoregulation in insects.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in humans connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

    <p>ureters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reddish brown, bean-shaped structures in humans that filter blood are called ______.

    <p>kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the human kidney is true?

    <p>The hilum is where blood vessels and nerves enter the kidney.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary osmoregulatory function of the antennal glands in crustaceans?

    <p>Excretion of waste and regulation of ion concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is the broad funnel-shaped space inside the kidney that collects urine from the calyces.

    <p>renal pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure of the nephron is formed by a tuft of capillaries?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal tubule begins with the glomerulus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The part of the nephron that leads to the collecting duct is called the ______.

    <p>Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is found within the renal cortex?

    <p>Renal columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the renal corpuscle?

    <p>Malpighian body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The efferent arteriole carries blood away from the glomerulus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The urinary bladder's stretch receptors send signals to the central nervous system when it is empty.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average daily excretion of urine in liters for an adult human?

    <p>1 to 1.5 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemodialysis is a process to remove urea during kidney __________.

    <p>failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organs with their respective excretory roles:

    <p>Lungs = Removal of carbon dioxide Liver = Secretion of bile and waste Skin = Elimination of sweat Kidneys = Filtration of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is not typically present in urine?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urine is typically a neutral substance with a pH of around 7.0.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main indication of the presence of glucose in urine?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the artificial kidney during haemodialysis?

    <p>To filter nitrogenous wastes from blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heparin is added to the blood before it enters the artificial kidney to promote clotting.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main nitrogenous wastes formed in the body?

    <p>Ammonia, urea, uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the functional unit of the kidney.

    <p>nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following excretory organs with their primary function:

    <p>Kidneys = Filtration of blood and urine formation Protonephridia = Excretion in flatworms Malpighian tubules = Excretion in insects Green glands = Excretion in crayfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of anti-heparin when blood is returned to the body after haemodialysis?

    <p>To prevent clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glomerulonephritis refers to the inflammation of the renal tubule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is kidney transplantation primarily used to treat?

    <p>Acute renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of nutrients?

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of filtration in the kidneys is a selective process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Micturition is the release of urine from the __________.

    <p>bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADH (antidiuretic hormone) helps in the retention of water, thereby making urine more concentrated.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The descending limb of Henle's loop allows for the passage of __________.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Excretory Products and Their Elimination

    • Animals accumulate various metabolic byproducts like ammonia, urea, uric acid, water, ions (Na+, K+, Cl-), phosphate and sulfate.
    • These substances must be removed partially or completely.
    • Ammonia is the most toxic form of nitrogenous waste and requires substantial water for elimination.
    • Uric acid is the least toxic and can be eliminated with minimal water loss.
    • Ammonotelism is the process of excreting ammonia, common in bony fishes, aquatic amphibians, and aquatic insects. Ammonia is excreted across body surfaces or gills in these animals and kidneys play a minor role in removal.
    • Terrestrial adaptations necessitated the production of less toxic nitrogenous wastes such as urea and uric acid, for water conservation.
    • Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians and marine fishes utilize urea (ureotelic animals). The liver converts ammonia to urea in these animals; urea is removed by the kidneys.
    • Reptiles, birds, land snails, and insects excrete uric acid as pellets or paste (uricotelic animals) and this minimizes water loss.

    Human Excretory System

    • The human excretory system comprises a pair of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
    • Kidneys are bean-shaped, reddish brown organs located between the last thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae.
    • Each kidney is about 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, 2-3 cm thick, and weighs 120-170 g.
    • The internal concave surface has a notch (hilum) where blood vessels, ureters, and nerves connect to the kidney.
    • The outer layer of the kidney is a tough capsule.
    • The inner kidney region (medulla) is divided into conical masses (renal pyramids).
    • The outer kidney region (cortex) extends between the renal pyramids.
    • The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped space, which is an extension of the kidney tubules.
    • The kidney has approximately one million functional units called nephrons.
    • Each nephron consists of a glomerulus (a tuft of capillaries) and renal tubule (Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule). Blood flows from the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus and then exits through the efferent arteriole.
    • Glomerular filtration is a process that filters blood plasma and forms filtrate in Bowman's capsule. Nearly all constituents of plasma, except proteins, pass into the filtrate. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) averages 125 mL/minute.
    • Reabsorption is the process where essential nutrients, electrolytes, and water are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood.
    • Tubular secretion is a process where various substances, including H+ and K+, are actively secreted from the blood into the filtrate.
    • Nephrons' collecting ducts empty into the renal pelvis, which transports the urine through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored until voided.
    • Urine is a slightly acidic, light yellow fluid. The volume of urine excreted daily is typically 1.5 litres on average. Urine composition helps in clinical diagnosis of various metabolic disorders.
    • The kidney, lungs, liver and skin play important roles in excretion and maintaining osmotic balance in the body.

    Regulation of Kidney Function

    • Hormonal feedback mechanisms (hypothalamus, JGA, and heart) regulate kidney function, primarily through controlling blood volume and ionic concentration.
    • Osmoreceptors in the body can detect changes in blood volume, which activates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This enhances water reabsorption from the renal tubules, reducing urine production, or conversely inhibits water reabsorption if blood volume is high.
    • The juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA) plays a significant role by adjusting glomerular blood pressure and blood flow; this system in conjunction with ADH helps to regulate water balance.
    • The renin-angiotensin mechanism causes activation of enzymes and hormones that regulate blood pressure by regulating water reabsorption, influencing water and sodium retention in kidneys.
    • Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) releases when blood pressure rises, has a vasodilating effect which has a counter-regulatory effect on the renin-angiotensin system.

    Urine Formation

    • Filtration is the first process involving the glomerulus passing filtrate into Bowman's capsule; this filtrate has almost the same composition as blood plasma, except for proteins and blood cells.
    • Reabsorption occurs in the renal tubules, with significant amounts of water and solutes moving from the tubule back into peritubular capillaries.
    • Tubular secretion involves the selective secretion of specific substances into the filtrate from the blood.
    • Final adjustments to urine concentration occur in the collecting ducts, which also modify urine pH.
    • The counter-current mechanism and vasa recta help to concentrate filtrate in the medulla.

    Countercurrent Mechanism

    • The proximity between the Loop of Henle and the vasa recta causes a concentration gradient in the kidney medulla.
    • NaCl is transported by the ascending limb of Loop of Henle.
    • The substances move between two limbs of the Loop and vasa recta in a countercurrent manner.
    • This mechanism allows for the creation of a high concentration gradient in the medulla, essential for concentrating urine, conserves water.

    Disorders of the Excretory System

    • Kidney malfunction leads to accumulation of urea in the blood (uremia), which can be treated through hemodialysis.
    • Hemalysis is a procedure where blood is run through a dialysis machine to filter out toxins.
    • Kidney stones (renal calculi) are insoluble masses of crystallised salts.
    • Glomerulonephritis involves inflammation of the glomeruli.

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    Excretory Products and Their Elimination 205 PDF

    Description

    Explore the different types of excretory products produced by animals and their elimination processes. Understand the roles of ammonia, urea, and uric acid in various species, and how adaptations have evolved for water conservation. This quiz covers key concepts related to nitrogenous waste in animals.

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