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Questions and Answers
Which of the following processes is directly associated with the micturition reflex?
Which of the following processes is directly associated with the micturition reflex?
- Filtration of blood to remove excess glucose.
- Contraction of smooth muscles of the bladder and simultaneous relaxation of the urethral sphincter. (correct)
- Production of concentrated urine in the nephron.
- Reabsorption of water and electrolytes in the loop of Henle.
How does the analysis of urine aid in diagnosing metabolic disorders?
How does the analysis of urine aid in diagnosing metabolic disorders?
- By identifying the presence of abnormal substances, such as glucose or ketone bodies, which suggest underlying conditions. (correct)
- By quantifying the concentration of urea, immediately determining the stage of kidney failure.
- By assessing the pH levels, which directly correlate with the severity of liver dysfunction.
- By measuring the levels of red blood cells, directly indicating kidney damage.
Besides the kidneys, which other organs play a role in the excretion of waste products?
Besides the kidneys, which other organs play a role in the excretion of waste products?
- Pancreas, gallbladder and stomach
- Lungs, liver, and skin (correct)
- Intestines, bladder and reproductive organs
- Heart, spleen and brain
What is the primary function of sweat produced by the sweat glands regarding body homeostasis?
What is the primary function of sweat produced by the sweat glands regarding body homeostasis?
How do sebaceous glands contribute to the excretory system's function?
How do sebaceous glands contribute to the excretory system's function?
What condition results from the malfunctioning of kidneys leading to the accumulation of urea in the blood?
What condition results from the malfunctioning of kidneys leading to the accumulation of urea in the blood?
How does hemodialysis work to treat kidney failure?
How does hemodialysis work to treat kidney failure?
What is the role of heparin during hemodialysis?
What is the role of heparin during hemodialysis?
Why is the fluid surrounding the cellophane tube in a hemodialysis unit called 'dialysing fluid'?
Why is the fluid surrounding the cellophane tube in a hemodialysis unit called 'dialysing fluid'?
Approximately how much carbon dioxide does the human body remove through the lungs each minute?
Approximately how much carbon dioxide does the human body remove through the lungs each minute?
Flashcards
Micturition
Micturition
The process of releasing urine.
Uremia
Uremia
Accumulation of urea in the blood due to kidney malfunction.
Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis
Process of removing urea from the blood using an artificial kidney.
Urine
Urine
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Other excretory organs
Other excretory organs
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Sebaceous glands
Sebaceous glands
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Sweat
Sweat
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Lungs Function
Lungs Function
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Largest gland Function
Largest gland Function
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Study Notes
- The contraction of smooth muscles of the bladder and simultaneous relaxation of the urethral sphincter causes the release of urine.
- The process of releasing urine is called micturition.
- The neural mechanisms causing the release of urine are called the micturition reflex.
- An adult human excretes 1 to 1.5 liters of urine per day on average.
- Urine is a light yellow-colored fluid that is slightly acidic (pH-6.0) and has a characteristic odor.
- 25-30 gm of urea is excreted per day on average.
- Various conditions can affect the characteristics of urine.
- Analysis of urine helps in the clinical diagnosis of metabolic disorders and kidney malfunctions.
- The presence of glucose (Glycosuria) and ketone bodies (Ketonuria) in urine indicates diabetes mellitus.
Role of Other Organs in Excretion
- Lungs, the liver, and skin aid in the elimination of excretory waste, in addition to the kidneys.
- Lungs remove large amounts of CO2 (approximately 200mL/minute) and significant quantities of water daily.
- The liver, being the largest gland, secretes bile-containing substances like bilirubin, biliverdin, cholesterol, degraded steroid hormones, vitamins, and drugs.
- Most of the substances secreted by the liver pass out through digestive wastes.
- Sweat and sebaceous glands eliminate substances through their secretions.
- Sweat is a watery fluid that contains NaCl, small amounts of urea, and lactic acid.
- The primary function of sweat is to cool the body surface, but it also helps remove some wastes.
- Sebaceous glands eliminate substances like sterols, hydrocarbons, and waxes through sebum.
- The secretion of sebaceous glands provides a protective oily covering for the skin.
- Small amounts of nitrogenous wastes can be eliminated through saliva.
Disorders of the Excretory System
- Kidney malfunctions can lead to uremia which is the accumulation of urea in the blood.
- Uremia is harmful and can lead to kidney failure.
- Hemodialysis is the process by which urea can be removed from patients with kidney failure.
- During hemodialysis, blood from an artery is pumped into a dialyzing unit, called an artificial kidney, after adding an anticoagulant like heparin.
- The unit contains a coiled cellophane tube surrounded by a fluid (dialyzing fluid).
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