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Questions and Answers
A company reduces the amount of product in a package without changing the price, while also making the packaging appear larger. This is an example of:
A company reduces the amount of product in a package without changing the price, while also making the packaging appear larger. This is an example of:
- Adulteration
- Deceptive Packaging (correct)
- Misbranding
- Short-weighing
A manufacturer adds water to milk to increase its volume and profits, without informing the consumers. This action constitutes:
A manufacturer adds water to milk to increase its volume and profits, without informing the consumers. This action constitutes:
- Short Measuring
- Adulteration (correct)
- Short Numbering
- Mislabeling
A vendor intentionally sets their weighing scale to show a higher weight than the actual weight of the product being sold. This is an example of:
A vendor intentionally sets their weighing scale to show a higher weight than the actual weight of the product being sold. This is an example of:
- Short Measuring
- Misbranding
- Short Changing
- Short-weighing (correct)
A consumer purchases what they believe to be 5 meters of fabric, but upon measuring it at home, discovers it is only 4.5 meters. This is an instance of:
A consumer purchases what they believe to be 5 meters of fabric, but upon measuring it at home, discovers it is only 4.5 meters. This is an instance of:
A customer buys a dozen eggs, but upon opening the carton, finds only 11 eggs inside. This situation illustrates:
A customer buys a dozen eggs, but upon opening the carton, finds only 11 eggs inside. This situation illustrates:
A store clerk deliberately gives a customer less change back than they are owed. This is an example of:
A store clerk deliberately gives a customer less change back than they are owed. This is an example of:
Company A produces a product that closely imitates the design and packaging of a leading brand, Company B, to mislead consumers. This practice is known as:
Company A produces a product that closely imitates the design and packaging of a leading brand, Company B, to mislead consumers. This practice is known as:
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies direct misrepresentation in business practices?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies direct misrepresentation in business practices?
Which scenario exemplifies intentional or fraudulent misrepresentation?
Which scenario exemplifies intentional or fraudulent misrepresentation?
A company advertises its product as 'the best-seller' without providing sufficient data to support this claim. This is an example of what type of lying?
A company advertises its product as 'the best-seller' without providing sufficient data to support this claim. This is an example of what type of lying?
What type of misrepresentation occurs when a person genuinely believes they are providing accurate information, but it is later found to be false?
What type of misrepresentation occurs when a person genuinely believes they are providing accurate information, but it is later found to be false?
A weight loss product is advertised with the claim: “Lose 10kg in one month without diet or exercise!”, however, it lacks real medical backing. What type of lying is this?
A weight loss product is advertised with the claim: “Lose 10kg in one month without diet or exercise!”, however, it lacks real medical backing. What type of lying is this?
A real estate company advertises a condo unit at ₱2 million but fails to mention additional fees like taxes, association dues, and transfer costs. Buyers only learn about these expenses after signing the contract. What type of lying is this?
A real estate company advertises a condo unit at ₱2 million but fails to mention additional fees like taxes, association dues, and transfer costs. Buyers only learn about these expenses after signing the contract. What type of lying is this?
A street food vendor claims their taho has real arnibal (caramelized sugar), but a customer sees them mixing artificial sweetener instead. What type of lying is this?
A street food vendor claims their taho has real arnibal (caramelized sugar), but a customer sees them mixing artificial sweetener instead. What type of lying is this?
How does 'lying through action' differ from other forms of misrepresentation?
How does 'lying through action' differ from other forms of misrepresentation?
Which of the following marketing tactics is most likely to be considered 'use of ambiguous terms'?
Which of the following marketing tactics is most likely to be considered 'use of ambiguous terms'?
A local gas station consistently manipulates its pumps to deliver less than a liter of fuel when a liter is purchased. Which type of indirect misrepresentation does this exemplify?
A local gas station consistently manipulates its pumps to deliver less than a liter of fuel when a liter is purchased. Which type of indirect misrepresentation does this exemplify?
A restaurant advertises an 'unlimited rice' promo. However, customers are given very small servings upon refills, or they are told there's a limit after only a couple of refills. This scenario is an example of what?
A restaurant advertises an 'unlimited rice' promo. However, customers are given very small servings upon refills, or they are told there's a limit after only a couple of refills. This scenario is an example of what?
A snack pack is labeled as containing 20 pieces, but consumers find only 18 or 19 pieces inside. This is an example of:
A snack pack is labeled as containing 20 pieces, but consumers find only 18 or 19 pieces inside. This is an example of:
A bakery reduces the amount of filling or butter in their bread, making it lighter, but maintains the same price. This practice constitutes:
A bakery reduces the amount of filling or butter in their bread, making it lighter, but maintains the same price. This practice constitutes:
Before consumer protection laws were strengthened, which principle emphasized the consumer's responsibility to identify defects and risks in products?
Before consumer protection laws were strengthened, which principle emphasized the consumer's responsibility to identify defects and risks in products?
Kelly bought a house from Joe, a friend's friend, trusting him and only casually inspecting the property. After moving in, she discovered significant issues and requested a price reduction, which Joe refused. Under which legal principle might Kelly have had difficulty seeking compensation in the early 20th century?
Kelly bought a house from Joe, a friend's friend, trusting him and only casually inspecting the property. After moving in, she discovered significant issues and requested a price reduction, which Joe refused. Under which legal principle might Kelly have had difficulty seeking compensation in the early 20th century?
A snack brand uses oversized packaging to make their product appear larger than its actual contents. What deceptive practice is this an example of?
A snack brand uses oversized packaging to make their product appear larger than its actual contents. What deceptive practice is this an example of?
How does 'caveat venditor' differ from 'caveat emptor' in the context of consumer rights and business practices?
How does 'caveat venditor' differ from 'caveat emptor' in the context of consumer rights and business practices?
Flashcards
Misrepresentation
Misrepresentation
Transformation of information resulting in misinformation; representing something incorrectly or falsely.
Intentional Misrepresentation
Intentional Misrepresentation
Deliberately misrepresenting facts, with full awareness; commonly known as lying.
Unintentional Misrepresentation
Unintentional Misrepresentation
Misrepresentation without awareness or intent to deceive; believing it's the right thing to do.
Use of Ambiguous Terms
Use of Ambiguous Terms
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Use of False Statements
Use of False Statements
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Lying Through Action
Lying Through Action
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Suppression of Correct Information
Suppression of Correct Information
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Suppression of Correct Information
Suppression of Correct Information
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Direct Misrepresentation
Direct Misrepresentation
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Deceptive Packaging
Deceptive Packaging
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Adulteration
Adulteration
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Misbranding / Mislabeling
Misbranding / Mislabeling
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Short-Weighing
Short-Weighing
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Short Changing
Short Changing
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Short Measuring
Short Measuring
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Short Numbering
Short Numbering
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Misleading Advertisement
Misleading Advertisement
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Caveat Emptor
Caveat Emptor
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Caveat Venditor
Caveat Venditor
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Study Notes
Misrepresentation
- A transformation of information into misinformation.
- Representing something incorrectly, improperly, or falsely.
Types of Misrepresentation
- Intentional or Fraudulent Misrepresentation: Deliberately misrepresenting things, commonly known as lying.
- Telemarketing fraud, such as calls on behalf of a charity
- Work-at-home ads asking individuals to spend their own money to place ads, make copies, or buy envelopes and stamps for customer mailings
- Unintentional or Negligent Misrepresentation: When a person is unaware and does not deliberately misrepresent things, believing it's the right thing to do, also known as a white lie.
Types of Lying
- Use of Ambiguous Terms: Deliberately using vague terms or open-ended statements to mislead people.
- Use of False Statements: Making a statement from which false conclusions are made.
- Lying Through Action: Getting caught in the act of wrongdoing.
- Suppression of Correct Information: Intentionally or unintentionally hiding correct information which eventually misleads
- A brand advertises "Lose 10kg in one month without diet or exercise!" but the pills have no real medical backing, this is an example of use of false statements.
- A real estate company advertises a condo unit at P2 million but fails to mention additional fees like taxes, association dues, and transfer costs this is suppression of correct information
- A street food vendor claims their taho has real arnibal (caramelized sugar), when they are mixing artificial sweetener instead this is an example of lying through actions
Business Practices Involving Misrepresentation and Lying
- Direct Misrepresentation: Actively misrepresenting something about the product or service, giving the business a bad name.
- Deceptive Packaging: Creating an impression of improvement in size or weight without any change in price.
- Adulteration: Corrupting a genuine commodity by imitating, adding, or substituting an inferior product for profit.
- Misbranding or Mislabeling: Copying a product's design to give the impression it is the same as the leading brand.
- Short-Weighing: Tampering with weighing scales in wet and dry markets to intentionally offset calibration; also practiced in bulk product packing by manufacturers.
- Short Changing: Giving the customer less change than they should receive.
- Short Measuring: Unethical practice observed in products dependent on length and/or volume, using a shorter meter stick or smaller volume than the standard.
- Short Numbering: Giving the consumer less of the product quantity by piece than what they paid for.
- Misleading Advertisement:. Any representation or symbol that could cause misunderstanding.
- Indirect Misrepresentation: Passive deception that contributes to the impression that businessmen lie.
- Some stations manipulate their pumps so that a liter of fuel is less than 1 liter, this relates to short measuring
- Some restaurants advertise "unlimited rice", but customers are given small servings or are told there's a limit after a few refills, this relates to misleading advertisment.
- Some snack packs claim to have 20 pieces, but customers only get 18 or 19, this is an example of short numbering.
- Some bakeries use less filling or butter, making products lighter while charging the same price is an example of short weighing.
Caveat Emptor
- Definition: "Let the buyer beware," was a standard in consumer purchases in the early part of the century.
- Kelly purchased a house from Joe, her friend's friend, but later discovered water tap and roofing issues, and Joe refused to reduce the price, as an example of Caveat Emptor
Caveat Venditor
- Definition: "Let the seller beware;" society demanded more consumer rights and that manufacturers be held responsible.
- 01: Understand the laws
- 02: Be honest
- 03: Provide warranties and guarantees
- 04: Have a return policy
- 05: Monitor customer feedback
Identifying Caveat Emptor vs Caveat Venditor in Scenarios
- A snack brand uses oversized packaging that makes the product look bigger than it is. Customers complain, and the company must change the packaging this is an example of Caveat Venditor
- A customer buys a used car from a private seller without checking for hidden defects. Later, they find out the engine has major issues, this is an example of Caveat Emptor
- A buyer purchases a house based on pictures but later discovers plumbing and roofing issues, this is an example of Caveat Emptor.
- A fast-food chain sells spoiled fried chicken, and restaurants faces complaints and possible legal action, this is an example of Caveat Venditor.
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