Examining and Breeding Soundness in Female Animals

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Questions and Answers

Which imaging technique is useful for detecting uterine enlargement and pregnancy after mineralization?

  • Radiography (correct)
  • Cytology
  • Ultrasonography
  • Microbiology

Which imaging technique is good for detecting pregnancy, especially in the early stages?

  • Ultrasonography (correct)
  • Radiography
  • Cytology
  • Microbiology

Which technique is useful for screening and selecting appropriate therapeutics for uterine infections?

  • Cytology
  • Radiography
  • Ultrasonography
  • Microbiology (correct)

Which technique is used to detect indicators of inflammation and specific organisms in the uterus?

<p>Cytology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of uterine endoscopy?

<p>To detect uterine pathology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of uterine biopsies?

<p>To detect normality or infiltrative disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of radiography of the uterus?

<p>To detect uterine enlargement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be detected using ultrasonography of the uterus?

<p>Uterine contents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be detected using uterine swabs for microbiology?

<p>Uterine infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be detected using uterine swabs for cytology?

<p>Uterine pathology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to know if the animal has previously been pregnant?

<p>To collect material by breaching the cervix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information can be obtained from establishing previous and current cyclicity in female animals?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before conducting any examination, what infectious disease risk should be considered?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a zoonotic disease that can cause abortion or stillbirth in cows?

<p>Leptospirosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of relevant pre-mating vaccination?

<p>To enhance reproductive performance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered when examining a female animal for breeding soundness?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential implication of climate, nutrition, stress, or teratogens on reproductive disease?

<p>Increased fertility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to determine if the animal could currently be pregnant before conducting certain examinations?

<p>To avoid breaching the cervix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of management of parturition in female animals?

<p>To ensure a successful pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteriological screenings is NOT mentioned as required for mares?

<p>Salmonella screening (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following virological screenings is mentioned as required for queens?

<p>FeLV screening (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic test is mentioned as required for cats?

<p>Polycystic kidney disease test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the reproductive examination involves evaluating the normal or abnormal alignment of the vulval lips?

<p>Examination of the vulva (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the reproductive examination involves determining the stage of the oestrous cycle?

<p>Examination of the mammary glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the reproductive examination involves evaluating the normal or abnormal alignment of the vulva with respect to the anus in mares?

<p>Examination of the perineum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the reproductive examination involves evaluating the presence of normal or abnormal discharge?

<p>Examination of the vestibule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the reproductive examination involves evaluating the location of the clitoris?

<p>Examination of the vestibule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the reproductive examination involves evaluating the shape, size, position, and tone of the uterus?

<p>Examination of the uterus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible reasons for undertaking examinations in the female reproductive system?

<p>Document normality, estimation of breeding time, confirm pregnancy, detect abnormality, management of parturition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information should be obtained through history taking?

<p>Relevant and specific information about the species, age, presentation of the clinical problem, climate, nutrition, stress, teratogens, previous pregnancies, and current pregnancy status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to establish previous and current cyclicity in female animals?

<p>To determine if the animal has reached puberty, assess the normality of inter-oestrus intervals, and identify any abnormalities in the cyclicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What infectious disease risk should be considered before conducting any examination?

<p>Zoonotic diseases, transmission of venereal or other pathogens during clinical examination, and the possibility of reporting notifiable conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of determining if the animal could currently be pregnant before conducting certain examinations?

<p>It is important to avoid breaching the cervix and potentially harming a developing fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the uses of radiography of the uterus?

<p>Radiography of the uterus is useful for detecting uterine enlargement, pregnancy after mineralization, counting fetal number, and confirming fetal death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be detected using ultrasound of the uterus?

<p>Ultrasound of the uterus can detect the shape, size, contents, stage of the cycle, diagnosis of pregnancy (especially early), and uterine pathology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be detected using uterine swabs for microbiology?

<p>Uterine swabs for microbiology can detect commensal, opportunistic, and pathogenic organisms, which may vary in relation to the stage of the cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be detected using uterine swabs for cytology?

<p>Uterine swabs for cytology can detect indicators of inflammation, such as neutrophils, and specific organisms with suitable stains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of uterine biopsies?

<p>Uterine biopsies are performed to detect normality or infiltrative disease, and they are useful for documenting pathology and assessing prognosis for fertility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some appropriate plans for vaccination in egg laying birds?

<p>Clostridial vaccination to pregnant ewes and pigs to prevent disease in neonates</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should Canine herpes virus vaccination be administered in dogs?

<p>After mating (when required) to prevent abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is any bacteriological screening required in mares?

<p>Yes, CEMO, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas screening is required</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is any virological screening required in queens?

<p>Yes, FeLV screening is required</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are there any genetic tests required for cats and dogs?

<p>Yes, cats require testing for polycystic kidney disease, and dogs require testing for many eye diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Imaging Techniques

  • Radiography is useful for detecting uterine enlargement and pregnancy after mineralization.
  • Ultrasound is good for detecting pregnancy, especially in the early stages.

Detecting Infections and Inflammation

  • Uterine swabs for microbiology are useful for detecting indicators of inflammation and specific organisms in the uterus.
  • Uterine swabs for cytology are used to detect cellular changes indicating infection or inflammation.

Examination Purposes

  • Uterine endoscopy is used to visualize the uterus and detect abnormalities.
  • Uterine biopsies are used to diagnose uterine infections and cancers.
  • Radiography of the uterus is used to detect uterine abnormalities and pregnancy.

Pregnancy and Cyclicity

  • It is important to know if the animal has previously been pregnant to understand its reproductive history.
  • Establishing previous and current cyclicity in female animals provides information on reproductive health and fertility.
  • Determining if the animal could currently be pregnant is essential before conducting certain examinations.

Infection Control

  • Before conducting any examination, the risk of brucellosis, a zoonotic disease, should be considered.
  • Relevant pre-mating vaccination is important to prevent disease transmission.

Breeding Soundness

  • When examining a female animal for breeding soundness, consider the animal's reproductive history, nutrition, and management.

Reproductive Examination

  • The examination involves evaluating the normal or abnormal alignment of the vulval lips, vulva with respect to the anus, and clitoris.
  • The examination also involves determining the stage of the oestrous cycle and evaluating the presence of normal or abnormal discharge.
  • The shape, size, position, and tone of the uterus are also evaluated.

Management and Vaccination

  • Management of parturition is crucial in female animals to prevent reproductive diseases.
  • Bacteriological screenings are required for mares, and virological screenings are required for queens.
  • Genetic testing is required for cats, and vaccination plans should be tailored to species-specific needs.

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