Exam 3 Review (PS 101)

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of intrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation refers to an individual's interest in an activity for the sake of the activity itself.

In contrast, how can extrinsic motivation be defined?

Extrinsic motivation is when an individual engages in an activity to earn rewards or avoid punishment, rather than for the sake of the activity itself.

How does Piaget's concrete operational stage differ from the formal operational stage?

The concrete operational stage (ages 7-11) involves understanding concrete events, while the formal operational stage (ages 12 and older) includes abstract reasoning.

What key aspect distinguishes stage-based theories of development from empirical evidence?

<p>Stage-based theories are conceptual and theoretical, while empirical evidence is data-driven and focused on real-world testing of concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does conservation refer to in the context of developmental psychology?

<p>Conservation refers to the understanding that an object maintains the same essence even if its appearance changes, as long as nothing is added or removed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by a postformal thinker?

<p>A postformal thinker is someone who can think flexibly, accept moral and intellectual complexities, and approach problem-solving from multiple perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do stage-based theories of development play despite new evidence suggesting a more continuous process?

<p>Stage-based theories provide foundational information that empirical research can build upon and compare against.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can social norms impact conformity among individuals?

<p>Social norms can pressure individuals to conform by establishing expectations about acceptable behavior within a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conformity and how does it manifest in groups?

<p>Conformity is the tendency to align attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those of a group. It often manifests as individuals yielding to group pressures or societal norms, even against their own judgment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Asch's Conformity Study, what factor significantly influenced participants' willingness to conform?

<p>The presence of a unanimous majority significantly influenced participants' willingness to conform, leading them to often give incorrect answers to align with the group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do social norms impact individual behavior according to the studies mentioned?

<p>Social norms impact individual behavior by creating expectations for how one should act in certain situations, often resulting in conformity to avoid social disapproval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Milgram's obedience study reveal about the power of authority in social situations?

<p>Milgram's obedience study reveals that individuals are often willing to follow authority figures' orders, even to the extent of inflicting pain on others, particularly when the situation is highly structured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the ethical concern related to the participants' well-being in Milgram's study?

<p>The ethical concern was that participants experienced significant emotional distress and psychological harm during the study, which raised questions about the moral implications of inducing such stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the potential ethical issues raised by the Stanford Prison Experiment.

<p>The Stanford Prison Experiment raised ethical issues such as the lack of informed consent, the risk of psychological harm, and the inability to withdraw freely from distressing situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the emotional distance of the victim affects compliance in Milgram's study.

<p>The emotional distance of the victim influences compliance by reducing empathy; when the victim was closer and more expressive, participants were less likely to comply with the shocking orders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does allyship with another authority figure play in resisting obedience to an authority figure?

<p>Allying with another authority figure provides social support and validation, which can embolden individuals to resist commands from a conflicting authority figure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conformity, and how can it impact individual behavior in a group setting?

<p>Conformity is the act of aligning one's beliefs and behaviors with those of a group. It can lead individuals to adopt behaviors or opinions that may contradict their own personal beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Solomon Asch's conformity study reveal about the influence of having an ally in resisting group pressure?

<p>Asch's study revealed that having an ally can significantly reduce the pressure to conform, as individuals are more likely to voice their true opinions when they feel supported.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do social norms function within a group, and what are the immediate reactions when someone breaks one?

<p>Social norms are expected behaviors within a group, and when someone breaks a norm, group members often react negatively by excluding or trying to persuade the person to conform.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of Milgram's obedience study, and what ethical concerns did it raise?

<p>Milgram's obedience study focused on participants' willingness to obey authority figures even when it meant causing harm to others. It raised ethical concerns regarding the psychological impact on participants and the extent of deception used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways can social norms positively influence group dynamics?

<p>Social norms can foster cooperation, promote social order, and encourage behaviors that benefit the group as a whole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Maslow's hierarchy of needs relate to the concept of self-efficacy?

<p>Maslow's hierarchy suggests that higher-level needs, such as self-efficacy, cannot be pursued until basic physiological and psychological needs are met.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequences do individuals face when they consistently break social norms within a group?

<p>Individuals who consistently break social norms may be devalued, socially ostracized, and assigned less favorable tasks within the group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can conformity sometimes be considered helpful in social situations?

<p>Conformity can facilitate social harmony and reduce conflict, as it helps individuals align with group expectations and fosters cooperation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Milgram's Obedience Experiment

A study showing how people obey authority figures, even if it means harming others.

Social Situation Power

How the environment and situations around us affect how we act.

Compliance in Milgram's Study

The percentage of participants who followed orders in the shock experiment (e.g., giving presumed shocks).

Stanford Prison Experiment

A controversial study of how readily people conform to social roles, especially in the context of prison.

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Study Ethics

The moral principles that guide research and help avoid harming participants. Does the anticipated value of the study outweigh the harm to participants?

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Prejudice

Negative attitudes and feelings toward people based on their group membership.

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Stereotyping

Oversimplified and often inaccurate generalizations about a group of people.

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Discrimination

Unfair or harmful actions taken against a group of people.

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Conservation

Understanding that an object's amount stays the same despite changes in appearance if nothing is added or removed.

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Concrete Operational Stage

Cognitive stage (ages 7-11) where children understand concrete events, logic, and arithmetic.

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Formal Operational Stage

Cognitive stage (age 12+) marked by abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking.

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Postformal Thought

Flexible thinking, applying logic, and accepting complexities in problem-solving.

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Intrinsic Motivation

Interest in an activity for its inherent satisfaction.

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Extrinsic Motivation

Interest in an activity for the reward or to avoid punishment.

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Continuous Development

Development occurring gradually, without distinct stages.

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Stage-Based Development

Development occurring in distinct, sequential stages with specific abilities.

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Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain balance and stability in physiological and psychological states.

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Drive Theory

A theory stating that people are born with psychological needs, and unmet needs create tension.

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Maslow's Hierarchy

A theory suggesting that basic needs must be met before higher-level needs can be addressed

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Self-efficacy

Confidence in one's ability to control motivation, behavior, performance, and their social environment.

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Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior to match group norms.

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Social Norm

An expectation or standard of behavior in a group.

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Asch's Conformity Study

A study examining how participants conform to a wrong answer on a line judgment task.

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Ally in resisting conformity

The existence of someone who is not conforming to the group can decrease conformity.

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Study Notes

Exam 3 Review (PS 101)

  • Format: Exam contains 10 multiple-choice questions, 2 short-answer questions (1 paragraph each), and 1 long-answer question (3 paragraphs). Students should review chapters 9, 10, 12, and 14.

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

  • Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1 year): Successful development depends on meeting basic needs, leading to trust in the social world. Failure leads to crisis.
  • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years): Developing independence in tasks is crucial. Success fosters independence, while failure results in feelings of shame or doubt.
  • Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years): Taking initiative on activities is important. Success leads to initiative. Failure can lead to guilt if boundaries are overstepped.

Identity and Relationships

  • Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years): Experimenting with identities and developing a sense of self.
  • Intimacy vs. Isolation (19-29 years): Establishing intimate relationships (romantic and friendships).
  • Successfully Dealing with Obstacles: Mastering each stage's tasks is key to competence. Failure to do so can hinder future development.

Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

  • Schema: A mental concept or framework used to organize and interpret information.
  • Assimilation: Fitting new information into existing schemas.
  • Accommodation: Adjusting schemas in response to new information that doesn't fit existing schemas.
  • Sensorimotor Stage (birth-2 years): Children learn about the world through senses and motor actions. Basic example: putting things in their mouth. This includes milestones like object permanence (understanding objects continue to exist even when hidden).
  • Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): Children use language and symbols to represent things, but struggle with logic and manipulating information. Examples include pretend play.
  • Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): Development of logical reasoning about concrete events and objects. Examples include understanding conservation.
  • Formal Operational Stage (12+ years): Abstract reasoning and hypothetical situations are now understood.

Conservation

  • Children in the preoperational stage often fail to understand conservation. For example, they may believe that a quantity changes when its appearance changes (e.g., pouring water from a tall glass into a short, wider glass).

Concrete Operational Stage

  • Ages 7-11, children develop an understanding of concrete events and can perform logical operations.

Formal Operational Stage

  • Ages 12 and older, characterized by abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking.

Social and Ethical Development

  • Social Norms: Expectations within a group. Conformity to norms is often expected, but also has value in resisting negative influence.
  • Solomon Asch's study (1951, 1956): Showed conformity pressures within a group.
  • Stanley Milgram's obedience study: Demonstrated that the power of authority figures greatly influences behavior, even when harming others.
  • Stanford Prison Experiment: A critique of the ethics of psychological studies.
  • Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination: Prejudice is negative feelings toward a group; stereotyping is a belief about a group; and discrimination is harmful action toward a group.
  • In-group bias: Tendency to favor one's own group over other groups. It can lead to unintended discrimination of other groups.

Emotions and Stress

  • Stress: Perception of events as overwhelming or threatening.
  • Stressors: events causing stress.
  • Emotion-Focused Coping: Managing stress by changing emotions.
  • Problem-Focused Coping: Taking steps to address the source of stress.
  • The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): Three-stage stress reaction: alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
  • Homeostasis: The body's natural tendency to maintain balance despite the environment.

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