psy230 chp 7
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Questions and Answers

According to parental investment theory, which of the following is true?

  • Women have to invest more in their children than men. (correct)
  • Men and women have equal investment in their children.
  • Investment in children is not influenced by gender.
  • Men have to invest more in their children than women.

    • In polygamous societies, what is a likely outcome for many men?

  • All men are guaranteed to have at least one wife.
  • Many men end up with no wives. (correct)
  • Men and women have equal opportunities for marriage.
  • Many men end up with multiple wives.

    • What does the text suggest about the reproductive success of a population when a woman is lost compared to when a man is lost?

  • The loss of a man has no impact on reproductive success.
  • The loss of a woman and a man has equal impact on reproductive success.
  • The loss of a man affects the reproductive success more than the loss of a woman.
  • The loss of a woman affects the reproductive success more than the loss of a man. (correct)

    • What is the minimum investment required from men for their children according to the text?

    <p>$0$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does parental investment theory imply about the replaceability of men and women?

    <p>Men are more replaceable than women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does parental investment theory imply about the certainty of having the maximum number of children for men and women?

    <p>Men have more certainty than women of having the maximum number of children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect size for men being ready to engage in sex earlier in a relationship?

    <p>1.21 standard deviations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect size for men's use of pornography compared to women?

    <p>$d hicksim 1.5$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of women reported being satisfied with their sexual frequency?

    <p>63%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of men reported wanting more sex?

    <p>53%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has happened to sex differences in masturbation from the 1980s to the 1990s?

    <p>Decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do surveys show small sex differences in number of sexual partners?

    <p>Due to socially desirable responding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Few women engage in sex when they do not feel like it" is likely due to:

    <p>Men's higher sex drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect size for men using pornography compared to women?

    <p>1.5 standard deviations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of men reported being satisfied with their sexual frequency?

    <p>63%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the trend in sex differences in masturbation in the 21st century?

    <p>Stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sexually frustrated men resort to, according to the text?

    <p>Masturbation to fulfill their needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the questionnaire developed to study variation in sociosexual orientation?

    <p>Sociosexual Orientation Inventory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trait is significantly correlated with interest in sex for both men and women?

    <p>Sensation seeking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which DNA evidence suggests a shift in human mating strategies?

    <p>Y-chromosome variability increased over human evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do men and women with high scores on the Sociosexual Orientation Inventory report about their romantic relationships?

    <p>They are less committed and invested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one implication of men's attractiveness according to the text?

    <p>Men's attractiveness plays an important role in the choice of mating strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does variation in sociosexual orientation correlate with, besides personality traits?

    <p>Sensation seeking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to examine sex differences in sexual desire?

    <p>Studying attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are participants in attention studies distracted from their tasks?

    <p>By arousing positive and arousing negative pictures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study reveal about heterosexual men and women's response to sexual stimuli?

    <p>Both were distracted by pictures of attractive members of the opposite sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the study suggest about men and women's responsiveness to sexual stimuli?

    <p>Men are more responsive to sexual stimuli than women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study reveal about gay couples and lesbians' sex lives compared to heterosexual men?

    <p>Gay couples should have more sex than lesbians, and gays and lesbians should be more satisfied with their sex-lives than heterosexual men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a stereotype regarding men's attention towards an attractive woman?

    <p>Men are easily distracted by an attractive woman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pictures attracted more attention in the study of attention?

    <p>Arousing positive and arousing negative pictures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study reveal about heterosexual men and women's response to attractive members of the opposite sex?

    <p>Heterosexual men and women were both distracted by pictures of attractive members of the opposite sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does considerable evidence suggest about non-verbal communication of emotions?

    <p>It is universal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a smile universally signal in all cultures?

    <p>Positive affect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible explanation for variation according to Buss (1991)?

    <p>Randomness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does strong selection pressure produce?

    <p>Homogeneity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is consistent with the fact that personality traits are roughly normally distributed?

    <p>Variation in personality exists due to little selection pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is random variation not a theoretically satisfying explanation for personality variation?

    <p>It does not explain trade-offs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the ability to learn verbal communication?

    <p>It is universal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may suddenly become meaningful and provide an advantage in a new environment according to the text?

    <p>Irrelevant traits for survival or reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does weak selection pressure allow for according to the text?

    <p>Heterogeneity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the distribution of personality traits?

    <p>It is roughly normally distributed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two key elements of the evolution process?

    <p>Random mutation and selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between genetic and cultural transmission in terms of behavior adaptation?

    <p>Genetic transmission implies no changes in behavior dispositions, unless there is further selection or new mutations; cultural transmission implies quicker adaptation to cultural changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do most evolutionary theories focus on?

    <p>Human universals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individuals with adaptive genes have a higher chance of survival and reproduction?

    <p>Their genes are adaptive to a specific environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cultural transmission differ from genetic transmission?

    <p>Cultural transmission allows quicker adaptation to cultural changes; genetic transmission leads to no change in behavior dispositions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is passed on from generation to generation to provide the blueprint for species characteristics?

    <p>Genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences behaviors only if they left a trace in our DNA according to evolutionary theory?

    <p>Situations thousands of years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a universal and unique human behavior passed on through cultural transmission?

    <p>Cooking food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental assumption of life-history theory in evolutionary psychology?

    <p>Individuals face a trade-off in the use of energy between survival and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a study find about the relationship between personality traits and age of the first child?

    <p>No relationship between conscientiousness and age of the first child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a study find about women high in agreeableness and extraversion?

    <p>They had children at a younger age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the text suggest about the impact of modern life with birth control on reproduction?

    <p>Modern life with birth control has changed reproduction, making life-history traits no longer predict reproductive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key problem for evolutionary theories of personality according to the text?

    <p>The difficulty of testing these theories with empirical data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key assumption underlying evolutionary theories of personality?

    <p>Some variation in personality is inherited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about maximizing reproductive fitness based on women's choices?

    <p>Maximizing reproductive fitness is not hard-wired into our DNA based on women's choices to invest in education and have fewer children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does weak selection pressure allow for according to the text?

    <p>Weak selection pressure allows for more genetic variation in personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a study find about the relationship between genetic variance and personality variance?

    <p>It's important to examine the link of genetic variance with personality variance before speculating about causes of genetic differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trait may vary as a function of the trade-off in the timing of reproduction according to the text?

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a study find about women high in openness?

    <p>They had more children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea discussed in Chapter 7.1.3?

    <p>Traits may have had benefits or costs in the past which differ from the present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key problem for evolutionary accounts of human behavior?

    <p>Inability to travel back in time to test ancestral behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about traits and their effects at different life stages?

    <p>Traits may have different benefits and costs at different life stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Table 7.1 list potential costs and benefits of?

    <p>Being high on the Big Five traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the author disagree with regarding evolutionary accounts of human behavior?

    <p>'Compelling evidence of evolutionary trade-offs is lacking' statement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest about evolutionary trade-offs?

    <p>Individuals may inherit genes with past benefits but present harms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge for testing evolutionary theories according to the text?

    <p>Inability to observe ancestral behaviors directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest about the potential harm of inherited genes?

    <p>Inherited genes may have had past benefits but are harmful today</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Table 7.1 specifically list potential costs and benefits of?

    <p>High levels of specific personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sexual Differences in Behavior and Masturbation

    • Women can be certain they are raising their own children, while men may invest in children that are not their own
    • Evolutionary psychologists predict strong gender differences in sexual behaviors
    • Men are predicted to have a greater sex drive and be more willing to engage in sexual activities than women
    • Men seem to be ready to engage in sex earlier in a relationship, with a large effect size of 1.21 standard deviations
    • Surveys show small sex differences in number of sexual partners, likely due to socially desirable responding
    • Men masturbate more frequently than women, with a moderate effect size of d = .6
    • Men reported having sex more frequently than women, but a smaller difference, likely a response bias
    • 63% of women were satisfied with their sexual frequency, while only 46% of men were satisfied
    • 53% of men wanted more sex, while only 34% of women wanted more sex
    • Few women engage in sex when they do not feel like it, while sexually frustrated men resort to masturbation to fulfill their needs
    • Men use pornography more than women, with an effect size of d ~ 1.5
    • Sex differences in masturbation have decreased from the 1980s to the 1990s, but have been stable in the 21st century, with an effect size of d = .5

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of evolutionary psychology and gender differences in sexual behaviors with this quiz. Explore the influences of parental investment theory and adaptation problems on men and women's mating behaviors.

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