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Questions and Answers
What characterizes a slow life history strategy?
Which process results in a cell with 23 chromosomes?
What is the role of the Y chromosome in determining a child's sex?
What distinguishes biological evolution from cultural evolution?
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How is gene expression activated?
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What mechanism of inheritance involves traits influenced by a single pair of genes?
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Which statement accurately describes genotype and phenotype?
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What can affect the epigenetics of a fetus prenatally?
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What is a key characteristic of divergent thinking?
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Which subscale of the Bayley scales of infant development measures cognitive abilities?
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How can intelligence be influenced according to the provided content?
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What is ideation fluency?
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What impact does stereotype threat have on test performance?
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Which of the following statements regarding IQ measurements is controversial?
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Which statement correctly describes the relationship between family size and IQ scores in children?
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What type of thinking is emphasized in standard measures of IQ tests?
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What are some potential negative consequences of dropping out of educational systems?
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Which factor is NOT directly related to academic stress?
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What is a crucial aspect of effective teaching as per the content?
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How can students' intrinsic motivation be supported?
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Which method is suggested for alleviating student stress?
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What aspect differentiates self-esteem from self-concept?
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Which is a characteristic adaptation according to the content?
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Which practice might help prevent dropout among students?
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What term describes allowing oneself to avoid condemning immoral acts despite knowing right from wrong?
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Which of the following factors contributes to the determination of antisocial behavior?
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What discipline approach involves explaining why a behavior is wrong and stressing its impact on others?
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What is a key aspect of personality development between the ages of 12 to 20?
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In social learning theory, how is moral behavior primarily learned?
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Which type of antisocial behavior is characterized by frequent violations of moral rules and persists throughout life?
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Which term describes an individual's inherent characteristics that emerge close to adulthood?
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What does the evolutionary theory suggest about the roots of morality?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of 'personality coherence'?
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Which parenting style, as identified by Patterson, is often associated with the development of antisocial children?
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What quality distinguishes females in terms of brain connectivity?
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At what age can infants start distinguishing between male and female faces based on voice?
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What early behavior do newborns exhibit that may indicate a form of empathy?
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What is the main premise of social-role theory?
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What does the 'gender similarities hypothesis' suggest?
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During which developmental stage is rigidity about gender stereotypes most pronounced?
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Study Notes
Ethology and Evolutionary Psychology
- Ethology studies the evolved behavior of species in their natural environment.
- Evolutionary psychology applies an evolutionary perspective to understand human development, thinking, and behavior.
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Life history strategy refers to the timing of major life events like reproduction and parental investment.
- Slow life history strategy: characterized by later reproduction, longer lifespans, and greater parental investment; often associated with secure and predictable environments.
- Fast life history strategy: characterized by earlier reproduction, shorter lifespans, and lower parental investment; often associated with unpredictable and harsh environments.
- Cultural evolution: a faster process of adaptation than biological evolution, involving learning and adapting from society and peers.
Genetics and Human Development
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Genetic code: Humans inherit 23 chromosomes from each parent, resulting in 46 chromosomes in total.
- Chromosomes contain genes which carry genetic information.
- Meiosis: cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg) with half the number of chromosomes (23).
- Mitosis: cell division that produces identical daughter cells with the full complement of chromosomes (46).
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Human genes are composed of DNA, which defines our genetic makeup.
- Genotype: the genetic makeup inherited from parents.
- Phenotype: the observable traits expressed from the genotype.
- Gene expression: the activation of specific genes, influenced by environmental factors.
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Epigenetics: the study of how environmental factors can influence gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence.
- Maternal stress during pregnancy can affect the epigenetics of the fetus.
- Early nurturing in rats can lead to stress resilience in offspring, and intergenerational transmission of fear can occur.
Intelligence
- Analytical intelligence: measured by standard IQ tests, focuses on information processing skills.
- Creativity: characterized by the ability to generate novel and valuable ideas.
- Convergent thinking: focusing on finding the best solution to a problem, often measured by IQ tests.
- Divergent thinking: generating multiple solutions or ideas to a problem, a key aspect of creativity.
- Ideation fluency: the ability to generate a large number of different ideas.
- IQ in infancy: assessed by the Bayley scales, which measure motor, cognitive, and language skills.
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Malleability of intelligence: intelligence is influenced by both genetics and environment.
- Environmental influences: education, nurturing home environment, poverty, culture.
- Genetic influences: contribute significantly to IQ variation.
- Momentary aspects: tiredness, concentration, and task approach strategies.
- Stereotype threat: performance can be affected by the awareness of stereotypes associated with one's group, leading to either better or worse performance.
- Criticism of IQ measures: IQ tests are an arbitrary construct and may not accurately reflect all aspects of intelligence.
Morality and Antisocial Behaviour
- Empathy: plays a crucial role in morality, promoting prosocial behavior and discouraging antisocial behavior.
- Social learning theory: moral behaviour is learned through observation, reinforcement, and punishment.
- Moral disengagement: allows individuals to justify immoral acts while acknowledging right from wrong.
- Evolutionary theory: roots of morality lie in the adaptive advantage of prosocial behavior for survival.
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Antisocial behavior:
- Phase of development: late onset (adolescence) often resolves in adulthood; persistent problematic behavior (early onset) persists across lifespan.
- Determinants: preconventional moral reasoning, theory of mind, moral disengagement, empathy, information processing biases, biological factors, and coercive parenting.
- Coercive parenting: characterized by power struggles and negative tactics, contributing to antisocial behavior in children and adolescents.
- Moral socialization: approaches to discipline include love withdrawal, power assertion, and induction.
Academic Stress and Dropout
- Academic stress: linked to decreased motivation, poor performance, burnout, lack of sleep, substance abuse, and mental health issues.
- Dropout predictors: include stress, low motivation, and lack of fitness.
- Dropout consequences: unfulfilled potential, poor mental health, and limited future opportunities.
- Prevention: early intervention, vocational education, and support systems for at-risk students.
Effective Educational Strategies
- Classroom management: high standards, task-oriented atmosphere, immediate problem resolution, and social cohesion.
- Effective teaching: operates within the zone of proximal development, adapts to individual student needs, and fosters intrinsic motivation, mastery goals, and a growth mindset.
- Growth mindset: emphasizes the learning process over outcomes, focusing on skill development rather than results.
- Alleviating student stress: effective time management, mindfulness practices, and cognitive behavioral approaches.
Self-Concept
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Personality: includes enduring traits and patterns of behavior and emotion.
- Dispositional traits: stable personality characteristics, such as extraversion or independence.
- Characteristic adaptations: flexible ways people adjust to their roles and environment as they develop.
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Identity: a sense of self that includes self-concept and self-esteem.
- Self-concept: positive and negative views of one's own traits, representing "what I am."
- Self-esteem: overall view of one's worth as a person, reflecting "how good I am."
- Developing self-concept: influenced by experiences, social roles, and cultural norms.
Gender Development
- Gender roles: societal expectations for male and female behavior.
- Social-role theory: gender roles contribute to and maintain gender stereotypes.
- Gender similarities hypothesis: males and females are more similar than different.
- Infant gender development: infants can distinguish male and female faces by 3-4 months, influenced by societal norms from birth.
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Child gender development:
- Gender typing: the acquisition of gender-appropriate behaviors.
- Gender stereotypes: rigid beliefs about appropriate roles and behaviors for each gender; tend to become less rigid with age.
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Description
Test your knowledge on ethology and evolutionary psychology, exploring how species behavior evolves in natural environments. Delve into life history strategies, cultural evolution, and the impact of genetics on human development in this engaging quiz.
