Evolutionary Biology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What significant evolutionary development allowed mammals to protect their offspring more effectively?

  • The development of lungs
  • The evolution of mammary glands (correct)
  • The ability to fly
  • The formation of claws

    • Which human ancestor is considered a relative and is now extinct?

  • Homo erectus (correct)
  • Australopithecus afarensis
  • Homo habilis
  • Homo neanderthalensis

    • How long ago did Homo sapiens first appear according to evolutionary evidence?

  • 200,000 years ago (correct)
  • 500,000 years ago
  • 1 million years ago
  • 100,000 years ago

    • Which group do all modern humans belong to within the genus Homo?

    <p>Homo sapiens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of evolutionary development, which of the following is true about the relationship between humans and chimpanzees?

    <p>Humans and chimpanzees share a common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Darwin propose about all organisms?

    <p>They are all related and share a common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which evolution occurs, according to the content?

    <p>Natural selection drives the evolution process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the theory of evolution?

    <p>Fossil records provide geological change insights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of natural selection does NOT accurately represent Darwin's view?

    <p>It has a specific direction or purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does genetic modification compare to natural selection?

    <p>It is a quicker method of selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of anaphylactic shock?

    <p>Dilation of blood vessels and fluid loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response is most commonly involved in autoimmune diseases?

    <p>Humoral immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for antibodies that mistakenly target the body's own components?

    <p>Autoantibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is an example of autoimmunity?

    <p>Lupus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does psychological stress influence health regarding colds?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of developing colds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What rapid treatment is used for someone experiencing anaphylactic shock?

    <p>Epinephrine injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately what percentage of the population is affected by autoimmunity?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of high psychological stress on the immune system?

    <p>Increased vulnerability to illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system delivers hypothalamic releasing hormones to the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the thyroid gland?

    <p>TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response does NOT adapt after repeated exposure to a pathogen?

    <p>Innate immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells act as the immune system's first line of defense?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary task of the immune system?

    <p>Counteract infections caused by pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response is highly specific to a particular pathogen?

    <p>Adaptive immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone targets the ovaries and testes?

    <p>LH and FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cells plays a major role in the immune response and is primarily found in lymph?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ACTH in the body?

    <p>Stimulating cortisol secretion from the adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response called where the immune system mistakenly reacts against self-cells?

    <p>Autoimmunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of homeostasis in living organisms?

    <p>To maintain internal stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT a function of homeostasis?

    <p>Generating social connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do humans eat, according to the described reasons?

    <p>To maintain homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the digestive process are carbohydrates transformed into simple sugars?

    <p>The mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does bile play in digestion?

    <p>It emulsifies fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to food when it enters the stomach?

    <p>Bacteria are killed and digestion begins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of saliva in the mouth during digestion?

    <p>It helps in the lubrication and breakdown of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason stated for eating?

    <p>To reduce appetite permanently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anaphylactic shock

    • An extreme allergic reaction causing dilation of blood vessels (locally or systemically) and fluid loss.
    • This results in an immediate loss of blood pressure, breathing difficulties, and nausea.
    • Can be life threatening and usually happens quickly.
    • Injecting adrenaline into the thigh muscle (e.g., EpiPen) can be life-saving.

    Autoimmunity

    • Autoimmunity is a type of hypersensitivity to self-antigens affecting approximately 5% of the population.
    • Most types involve the humoral immune response, where antibodies are produced against self-antigens.
    • Autoantibodies are antibodies that inappropriately mark body components as foreign.
    • Lupus is an example, targeting DNA and proteins, causing various organ dysfunctions.

    Stress and Sickness

    • High levels of psychological stress are linked to an increased likelihood of developing a cold.
    • Stress can influence how outside threats impact our health.

    Evolution and Genetics

    • Darwin proposed that all organisms are related and share a common ancestor.
    • He explained how modern organisms are successful adaptations of previous generations through natural selection.
    • This process favors organisms with beneficial traits, making them more likely to survive and reproduce.
    • These traits are passed on to the next generation, leading to gradual changes in species.
    • Organisms less suited to their environment are less likely to adapt, survive, and reproduce.
    • Natural selection doesn't have a specific plan; the environment drives it.
    • Evolution is a slow process, but genetic modification is a faster form of selection, where genes are added or deleted for benefits.

    Evidence for Evolution

    • Biogeography: The distribution of species across geographical locations.
    • Fossil Record: Examining different geological layers reveals changing fossils, tracing the evolution of species.
    • Structural Similarity: Organisms share similarities in structures, suggesting a common ancestor.
    • Embryology: Comparing embryonic development shows similar stages across species.
    • Molecular Biology: Similarities in DNA and protein sequences suggest common ancestry.

    Mammal Evolution

    • Mammals evolved from reptiles about 10 million years ago.
    • They developed mammary glands for nourishing offspring.
    • They evolved further to support internal environments suitable for offspring development (pregnancy).
    • Pregnancy provides protection from harsh environments but poses challenges for the fetus (e.g., alcohol).

    Human Evolution

    • Humans are considered the most advanced form of life within primates.
    • We belong to the Hominines family, with two genera, Australopithecus and Homo.
    • Humans are classified as Homo sapiens, distinct from chimpanzees.
    • Homo erectus, an extinct relative, emerged about 2 million years ago, potentially from Australopithecus.
    • Homo sapiens originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago.
    • Modern humans appeared about 50,000 years ago.

    Anterior Pituitary Gland

    • The hypothalamus releases hormones to the anterior pituitary gland via the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system.
    • These hormones bind to receptors on pituitary cells, triggering the release of pituitary hormones.

    Pituitary Hormones and Target Organs

    • TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone): Targets the thyroid gland.
    • LH (Luteinising Hormone) / FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone): Targets ovaries and testes.
    • Prolactin: Targets milk glands.
    • GH (Growth Hormone): Targets various cells for growth.
    • ACTH (Adrenocorticotropin): Targets the adrenal glands.

    The Immune System

    • Immune cells, also called leukocytes (white blood cells), protect against disease and illness.
    • The immune system responds to threats through innate and adaptive immune responses.
    • It can also be hypersensitive.

    Main Tasks of the Immune System

    • Counteracting infections caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses).
    • Monitoring for mutated cells (tumors).
    • Triggering inflammation.
    • Repairing damaged tissue.
    • Disposing of damaged or dead cells.

    Immune Response Process

    • Recognising foreign material (non-self) and distinguishing it from body components (self).
    • Eliminating foreign material.

    Types of Immune Responses

    • Non-specific (Innate): Non-adaptive and doesn't change after repeated exposure.
    • Specific (Adaptive/Acquired): Highly specific to a pathogen and improves with each encounter.

    Blood Components

    • Red Blood Cells: Carry oxygen.
    • Monocytes: White blood cells found in blood and tissues, destroying germs (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa) and eliminating infected cells.
    • Neutrophils: White blood cells acting as the first line of defense.
    • Platelets: Cell fragments that form clots to stop bleeding.
    • Lymphocytes: Found in lymph, they play a major role in the immune response.

    Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is a self-regulating process maintaining internal stability while adjusting to external changes.
    • It regulates body temperature, glucose levels, oxygen levels, blood pressure, and lipid levels.
    • It collaborates with neurotransmitters, hormones, and the immune system to balance bodily processes.
    • Requires detection, action, and feedback systems.

    Reasons for Eating

    • Maintaining homeostasis.
    • Pleasure and social aspects.
    • Staying warm.
    • Building the body.
    • Storing energy.
    • Gaining muscle power.
    • Brain function.
    • Providing energy for metabolic processes.

    Digestion in the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

    • Mouth: Grinds food, saliva contains enzymes for breakdown, and provides lubrication for swallowing.
    • Esophagus: Transports food.
    • Stomach: Kills bacteria with low pH (acidic), breaks down food, starts protein digestion.
    • Duodenum: Fats are broken down (emulsified) by bile (produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder).
    • Small Intestine: Further digestion and nutrient absorption.
    • Large Intestine: Water absorption, waste formation.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on significant evolutionary developments in mammals and the lineage of humans. This quiz covers key aspects of human ancestry, the emergence of Homo sapiens, and the evolutionary relationship between humans and chimpanzees.

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