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Questions and Answers
What is one possible benefit of sex in evolutionary terms?
What is one possible benefit of sex in evolutionary terms?
- Increased genetic diversity through recombination (correct)
- Reduced genetic mutations during reproduction
- Complete elimination of genetic diseases
- Guaranteed offspring survival
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for maintaining genetic diversity around a selected locus?
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for maintaining genetic diversity around a selected locus?
- Drift stabilizing small populations
- Gene flow minimizing allele frequency differences
- Natural selection favoring heterozygosity (correct)
- Linkage disequilibrium limiting diversity
What does Muller’s ratchet describe in evolutionary biology?
What does Muller’s ratchet describe in evolutionary biology?
- The complete fixation of advantageous alleles in a population
- The gradual increase of genetic diversity in large populations
- The rapid adaptation of sexual species to changing environments
- Irreversible accumulation of deleterious mutations in asexual populations (correct)
How does the Red Queen effect relate to sexual reproduction?
How does the Red Queen effect relate to sexual reproduction?
Which of the following is an example of a reproductive isolating mechanism?
Which of the following is an example of a reproductive isolating mechanism?
Which reproductive strategy involves the formation of new species without geographical separation?
Which reproductive strategy involves the formation of new species without geographical separation?
What is the primary function of sexual reproduction according to evolutionary processes?
What is the primary function of sexual reproduction according to evolutionary processes?
What is an expected outcome of linkage disequilibrium in a population?
What is an expected outcome of linkage disequilibrium in a population?
What is the role of non-Bt refuges in managing pest resistance to Bt crops?
What is the role of non-Bt refuges in managing pest resistance to Bt crops?
How does the breeding of resistant pests with susceptible ones affect the resistance alleles?
How does the breeding of resistant pests with susceptible ones affect the resistance alleles?
What is a direct effect of human-altered selection pressure on wild populations?
What is a direct effect of human-altered selection pressure on wild populations?
Why is knowledge of evolutionary biology essential in pest management?
Why is knowledge of evolutionary biology essential in pest management?
How do Bt crops exert selective pressure on pest populations?
How do Bt crops exert selective pressure on pest populations?
What is a consequence of breeding resistant individuals exclusively among themselves?
What is a consequence of breeding resistant individuals exclusively among themselves?
What legal requirement has emerged to mitigate the impact of Bt crops on pest populations?
What legal requirement has emerged to mitigate the impact of Bt crops on pest populations?
Which of the following scenarios best represents sympatric speciation?
Which of the following scenarios best represents sympatric speciation?
What does game theory examine in the context of natural selection?
What does game theory examine in the context of natural selection?
What characterizes an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)?
What characterizes an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)?
How is frequency-dependent selection different from other forms of natural selection?
How is frequency-dependent selection different from other forms of natural selection?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between brain anatomy and body part function?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between brain anatomy and body part function?
In which scenarios would natural selection prefer certain mating behaviors, based on the content provided?
In which scenarios would natural selection prefer certain mating behaviors, based on the content provided?
Which factor is least likely to be a result of facial tissues and forelimb development in burrowing animals?
Which factor is least likely to be a result of facial tissues and forelimb development in burrowing animals?
What can be inferred about the mating strategies of side blotched lizards?
What can be inferred about the mating strategies of side blotched lizards?
Why is touch and manipulation emphasized in human brain anatomy?
Why is touch and manipulation emphasized in human brain anatomy?
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Study Notes
Polymorphism and Genetic Diversity
- Analyzing levels of polymorphism at synonymous and non-synonymous sites helps understand genetic variation.
- Reduced genetic diversity around selected loci often indicates linkage disequilibrium.
Mechanisms of Reproduction
- Mechanisms of reproduction exhibit extensive diversity across species.
- Examples include:
- Populus tremuloides - Trembling aspen known for its clonal reproduction.
- Acropora palmata - Elkhorn coral, which reproduces through external fertilization.
- Cnemidophorus neomexicanus - New Mexico whiptail lizard, showcases complex asexual reproduction.
- Ariolimax columbianus - Banana slug, noted for unique reproductive strategies.
Sex and Genetic Recombination
- Sexual reproduction serves dual purposes: reproduction and genetic recombination.
- Recombination affects evolutionary dynamics by generating genetic diversity.
Evolutionary Dynamics and Costs of Sex
- Two-fold cost of sex reflects the reproductive disadvantage of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction.
- Müller’s ratchet describes the accumulation of deleterious mutations in asexual populations over time.
Red Queen Effect
- The Red Queen effect highlights the benefits of sexual reproduction as a mechanism to keep pace with evolving pathogens and parasites.
Pest Management via Bt Crops
- Breeding resistant pests in Bt fields can lead to the persistence of a recessive allele, which is maintained at low frequencies due to fitness costs.
- Non-Bt refuge areas near Bt crops ensure that susceptible pests survive, promoting genetic diversity and delaying resistance.
Human Impact on Natural Selection
- Human activities, such as hunting and fishing, have profound effects on animal behavior, morphology, and life history traits.
- Knowledge of evolutionary biology aids in managing outcomes in agriculture, disease control, and wildlife conservation.
Game Theory in Evolution
- Game theory provides insights into the interactions of various adaptive strategies within animal groups.
- Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) describes behaviors that resist invasion by alternative strategies and are maintained by natural selection.
Case Study: Side-blotched Lizards
- Side-blotched lizards exhibit three distinct mating strategies, showcasing game theory dynamics in natural selection.
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