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Questions and Answers
Which figure is credited as the Father of Pharmacology for writing a seminal work in the first century AD?
Which figure is credited as the Father of Pharmacology for writing a seminal work in the first century AD?
What does pharmacovigilance primarily study?
What does pharmacovigilance primarily study?
Which of the following best describes an independent pharmacy?
Which of the following best describes an independent pharmacy?
What was the main purpose of the Blueprint for Pharmacy document issued in 2008?
What was the main purpose of the Blueprint for Pharmacy document issued in 2008?
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What does the term pharmacoeconomics analyze?
What does the term pharmacoeconomics analyze?
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What is the primary difference between the roles of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in a pharmacy setting?
What is the primary difference between the roles of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in a pharmacy setting?
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Which of the following statements best describes the historical evolution of pharmacy practice?
Which of the following statements best describes the historical evolution of pharmacy practice?
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What is one of the key components of the Alberta College of Pharmacists' vision for pharmacy practice?
What is one of the key components of the Alberta College of Pharmacists' vision for pharmacy practice?
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Which of the following best describes a primary healthcare service offered by modern pharmacy practice?
Which of the following best describes a primary healthcare service offered by modern pharmacy practice?
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In the context of pharmacy practice, what does secondary healthcare primarily focus on?
In the context of pharmacy practice, what does secondary healthcare primarily focus on?
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What is the primary role of the federal government in Canada's health care system?
What is the primary role of the federal government in Canada's health care system?
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Which standard is NOT explicitly required by the Canada Health Act for provincial and territorial health care insurance plans?
Which standard is NOT explicitly required by the Canada Health Act for provincial and territorial health care insurance plans?
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Which of the following is considered a duty of pharmacists in promoting health care?
Which of the following is considered a duty of pharmacists in promoting health care?
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What type of services are typically NOT covered by the publicly funded health care system in Canada?
What type of services are typically NOT covered by the publicly funded health care system in Canada?
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When a resident moves to a new province in Canada, how long can they use their original health care insurance card?
When a resident moves to a new province in Canada, how long can they use their original health care insurance card?
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What is the main purpose of the provincial and territorial health care insurance plans' comprehensiveness requirement?
What is the main purpose of the provincial and territorial health care insurance plans' comprehensiveness requirement?
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What was the significance of the Ebers Papyrus in the context of pharmaceutical history?
What was the significance of the Ebers Papyrus in the context of pharmaceutical history?
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Which development marked the separation of the roles of physicians and pharmacists?
Which development marked the separation of the roles of physicians and pharmacists?
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What major change occurred in pharmacy roles during the 1950s and 1960s?
What major change occurred in pharmacy roles during the 1950s and 1960s?
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How was the Alberta College of Pharmacists (ACP) established?
How was the Alberta College of Pharmacists (ACP) established?
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What was one of the contributions of Dioscorides to the field of pharmacology?
What was one of the contributions of Dioscorides to the field of pharmacology?
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What is the significance of the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) in pharmacy practice?
What is the significance of the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) in pharmacy practice?
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What is the primary focus of the Alberta College of Pharmacy's Vision statement?
What is the primary focus of the Alberta College of Pharmacy's Vision statement?
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Which type of pharmacy requires adherence to a head office for its operational procedures?
Which type of pharmacy requires adherence to a head office for its operational procedures?
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What distinguishes a banner pharmacy from a completely independent pharmacy?
What distinguishes a banner pharmacy from a completely independent pharmacy?
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What is a characteristic feature of franchising in pharmacy practice?
What is a characteristic feature of franchising in pharmacy practice?
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Which type of pharmacy is specifically designed to provide medication services primarily through delivery without in-person interaction?
Which type of pharmacy is specifically designed to provide medication services primarily through delivery without in-person interaction?
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In what type of practice setting do patients typically experience short stays for active treatment?
In what type of practice setting do patients typically experience short stays for active treatment?
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Which of the following roles has changed significantly over the past decade in community pharmacy settings?
Which of the following roles has changed significantly over the past decade in community pharmacy settings?
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What is a key requirement for an independent pharmacy owner regarding business operations?
What is a key requirement for an independent pharmacy owner regarding business operations?
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Which of the following specialties in pharmacy focuses on the study of adverse effects associated with drug therapy?
Which of the following specialties in pharmacy focuses on the study of adverse effects associated with drug therapy?
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What aspect of pharmacy does pharmacoeconomics primarily address?
What aspect of pharmacy does pharmacoeconomics primarily address?
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Which pharmacy specialty is concerned with how drugs are absorbed and eliminated by the body?
Which pharmacy specialty is concerned with how drugs are absorbed and eliminated by the body?
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Which of the following best describes the role of pharmacies in primary healthcare today?
Which of the following best describes the role of pharmacies in primary healthcare today?
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In which type of care facility would you typically find patients requiring 24-hour assistance?
In which type of care facility would you typically find patients requiring 24-hour assistance?
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What does pharmacodynamics study in relation to drug interactions?
What does pharmacodynamics study in relation to drug interactions?
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Which specialty involves the scientific investigation of drug properties and characteristics?
Which specialty involves the scientific investigation of drug properties and characteristics?
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Which of the following types of pharmacies is least likely to be found in public view?
Which of the following types of pharmacies is least likely to be found in public view?
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In pharmacy informatics, what is primarily utilized to improve pharmacy operations?
In pharmacy informatics, what is primarily utilized to improve pharmacy operations?
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Which specialty would be most relevant for understanding the preparation and stability of drug formulations?
Which specialty would be most relevant for understanding the preparation and stability of drug formulations?
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Study Notes
Evolution of Pharmacy Practice
- Pharmacy practice evolved from a secondary healthcare service provided by physicians to a distinct specialty, now offering many primary healthcare services.
- Pharmacists and technicians' roles vary based on work settings.
- NAPRA competencies and diploma courses equip professionals for various pharmacy settings, supplemented by on-the-job training.
- Pharmacists and technicians collaborate to ensure safe and effective pharmacy services.
Historical Figures and Pharmacy
- Hippocrates (460-377 BC): Considered the Father of Medicine, he introduced scientific medicine, setting the stage for Western medicine.
- Dioscorides (1st century AD): Known as the Father of Pharmacology for his comprehensive work, "De Materia Medica," detailing natural treatments, used for centuries.
- Galen (130-200 AD): Considered the Father of Pharmacy, his work included formulating recipes and creating a classification system, influencing the field for over 1500 years.
- Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786): A pharmacist-chemist, known for significant chemical discoveries, including oxygen, chlorine, and various organic compounds.
Key Documents
- Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC): One of the earliest records of medicinal remedies, demonstrating a rational approach to healthcare.
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP, 1820): Established drug standards in the US, considered a gold standard in North America.
- Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopeia (1883): A comprehensive drug information text still referenced today.
- Blueprint for Pharmacy (2008): Outlined advancements needed to bolster patient safety..
Pharmacy Settings
Community Pharmacy
- Independent Pharmacy: Privately owned, with full autonomy.
- Banner Pharmacy: An independent pharmacy affiliated with a larger organization for branding support.
- Chain of Pharmacies: Owned and operated by a single entity, often operated from a head office.
- Franchise Pharmacy: Operates under another person's business model.
- Food Stores/Mass Merchandisers: Pharmacies housed within larger retail stores.
- Mail-order Pharmacies: Provide services to remote patients, in addition to other types of community pharmacies.
- Compounding Pharmacies: Specializes in creating customized medications.
Institutional Pharmacy
- Acute Care Hospital: Provides active treatment for patients with short stays.
- Rehabilitation Hospital: Provides comprehensive therapy for patients needing restoration of function.
- Long-Term Care Facility: Provides 24-hour assistance to people unable to live independently.
Other Pharmacy Settings
- Radioactive drug labs
- Drug distribution to federal agencies
Areas of Specialty
- Pharmaceutics: Art and science of preparing and dispensing drugs.
- Pharmacodynamics: Relationship between drug concentration and patient response.
- Pharmacoeconomics: Cost analysis of drug therapy.
- Pharmacognosy: Study of natural substances used as drugs.
- Pharmacokinetics: Study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
- Pharmacology: Study of drug actions, properties, and characteristics including their relationships.
- Pharmacovigilance: The study of adverse effects associated with drug therapy
- Pharmacy Informatics: Application of information technology to enhance pharmacy operations.
- Pathophysiology: The study of disease and illness caused by changes in normal body function.
- Therapeutics: Application of pharmacological knowledge to treat disease.
Pharmacy's Role in Healthcare
- Primary Healthcare: First point of contact for patient health concerns and advice, including disease prevention.
- Secondary Healthcare: Pharmacies play a crucial role in managing patients with existing conditions.
Pharmacy Technician and Pharmacist Roles
- Pharmacy technicians support pharmacists in diverse aspects of pharmacy operations (filling prescriptions, compounding, administrative tasks) under the direction of a pharmacist.
- Pharmacists handle restricted activities (e.g., dispensing controlled substances, administering vaccines, clinical assessments).
Scope of Practice for Pharmacy Technicians
- Technicians have a defined scope of practice focused on safe and effective drug distribution under pharmacist direction.
- Specific restricted activities are defined and legally outlined in regulations.
Restricted Activities for Technicians
- Dispense Schedule 1 and 2 drugs (after appropriate pharmacist review and oversight).
- Compound, sell and provide Schedule 1 and 2 drugs, after pharmacist review and oversight.
- Compound blood products (under stringent pharmacist direction).
Regulatory Bodies
- Alberta College of Pharmacy (ACP) governs pharmacy practice in Alberta, including licensing and establishing standards for pharmacists and technicians.
Alberta College of Pharmacists – Vision and Mission
- Vision: Focuses on public health related to the pharmacy profession.
- Mission: Focused on public health and well-being.
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Description
Explore the development of pharmacy practice from a physician-based service to a distinct specialty offering primary healthcare. Learn about historical figures like Hippocrates, Dioscorides, and Galen who shaped the field, and understand the competencies required for modern pharmacists.
