Evolution of Oxidative Metabolism

What is the selective advantage created by the increase in atmospheric O2?

What is the energy yield of the complete oxidative breakdown of glucose to CO2 and H2O?

What is the characteristic of thermacidophiles?

What is the timeline for the evolution of all forms of life from the original prokaryotes?

What is the division of present-day prokaryotes?

What is the likely sequence of events in the evolution of life on Earth?

What is believed to be the primary energy source utilized by the first photosynthetic bacteria?

What is a by-product of photosynthetic reactions that has a profound impact on the environment?

What is the name of the molecule that is used as a source of energy to drive other metabolic reactions?

What is the name of the metabolic pathway that converts the energy in preformed organic molecules into ATP?

What is thought to have evolved as a result of the abundance of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere?

Approximately how many years ago did the first photosynthetic bacteria evolve?

What was the primary source of energy for the transformation of molecules into organic molecules, according to Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin?

What was the result of the introduction of oxygen into the atmosphere, with respect to Abiogenesis?

What was the purpose of the Miller-Urey experiment?

What was the composition of the primitive atmosphere, according to Oparin's revised hypothesis?

What was the result of the increase in oxygen in the atmosphere, with respect to the Earth's protection?

What stage of chemical evolution was characterized by the formation of simple organic substances, such as amino acids?

What is the primary mechanism by which 'building block' molecules gave rise to macromolecules during chemical evolution?

According to one theory, where might the 'building block' molecules have originated from?

What is the term for the synthesis of biochemically important molecules from smaller molecules and chemical elements?

What is the name of the scientist who introduced the term 'chemical evolution' and is best known for unraveling the secrets of photosynthesis?

What is thought to have formed the Sun and its planets from the disk-shaped cloud of dust?

What is the term for the event that concentrated all matter in a single mass and then blew apart?

What is the primary reason for the acquisition of aerobic bacteria by anaerobic cells according to the endosymbiotic theory?

What is the current state of most genes from the original bacteria in the endosymbiotic theory?

What is the characteristic shared by both mitochondria and chloroplasts according to the endosymbiotic theory?

What is the hypothesized origin of chloroplasts according to the endosymbiotic theory?

What was the primary advantage of the acquisition of photosynthetic bacteria by cells according to the endosymbiotic theory?

What is the key factor that drove the selection of cells containing aerobic bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria during evolution?

In phospholipid molecules, the phosphate-containing head groups are water-insoluble.

The first cell is thought to have arisen by the enclosure of self-replicating DNA in a membrane composed of phospholipids.

RNA is capable of catalyzing the breakdown of nucleotides.

Phospholipid membranes are impermeable to nutrients and energy from the environment.

The bilayer formation of phospholipid membranes occurs with the phosphate-containing head groups on the inside and the hydrocarbon chains on the outside.

The first cell was able to self-reproduce and further evolve due to the enclosure of self-replicating RNA and associated molecules in a protein membrane.

The term 'chemical evolution' refers to the process of smaller molecules forming into macromolecules through polycondensation.

The Calvin cycle is a metabolic pathway that converts energy in preformed organic molecules into ATP.

The Big Bang theory proposes that the Earth and its planets were formed from a single, condensed mass of dust.

The formation of macromolecules from building block molecules occurred only in the lithosphere of young Earth.

The heat produced by the Big Bang led to the compaction of the Earth and the formation of its crust.

Melvin Calvin is best known for explaining the process of abiogenesis through the 'Calvin cycle'.

The Miller-Urey experiment used a warm flask representing the primordial Earth's atmosphere.

The Miller-Urey experiment successfully reproduced the conditions of primitive Earth.

The Miller-Urey experiment demonstrated the spontaneous synthesis of organic molecules in a week.

The Miller-Urey experiment used enzymes to assist in the synthesis of organic molecules.

The condenser in the Miller-Urey experiment was used to heat the atmosphere.

The Miller-Urey experiment proved that simple substances can give rise to the chemical building blocks of organisms.

Only proteins can direct their self-replication.

Protobionts grew and split, and their RNA sequences best suited to environmental parameters did not pass on to offspring.

Macromolecules capable of replicating themselves were not capable of evolution.

RNA synthesis occurs before protobiont synthesis in the stages of chemical evolution.

The diversity of prokaryotic cells came into existence due to natural selection operating on different RNAs.

The ability to replicate itself is not a characteristic of macromolecules that evolved into life.

Sydney Fox suggested that waves or rain in the primitive environment could’ve provided enough energetic force to form polymers abiotically on the cold, frozen surface of young Earth.

Protobionts are capable of reproducing and have all characteristics of living things.

RNA molecules were found to function as enzymes in cells by Thomas Cech and his associates in 1950.

Variations of RNA molecules could have been produced during replication without mutations and errors.

Protobionts are described to have impermeable and non-excitable membranes similar to those found in modern day cells.

The final stage of chemical evolution suggests that polymers developed the ability to reproduce and pass genetic information from one generation to the next.

In the phospholipid bilayer, the phosphate-containing head groups face inward, while the hydrocarbon chains face outward.

The ATP generated in glycolysis is used to drive other metabolic reactions.

Photosynthesis is thought to have evolved before glycolysis.

The evolution of oxidative metabolism is thought to have occurred in response to the abundance of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.

The bilayer formation of phospholipid membranes occurs spontaneously in aqueous environments.

The development of photosynthesis allowed cells to harness energy from preformed organic molecules.

In phospholipid molecules, the phosphate-containing head groups are hydrophilic.

Phospholipid membranes are selectively permeable to nutrients and energy from the environment.

The Calvin cycle is a metabolic pathway that converts light energy into ATP.

The Big Bang theory proposes that the Sun and its planets formed from a disk-shaped cloud of dust.

The Miller-Urey experiment demonstrated the spontaneous synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic substances.

RNA molecules can catalyze chemical reactions, including the breakdown of nucleotides.

Phospholipid molecules have phosphate-containing head groups that are soluble in water.

The first cell is thought to have arisen by the enclosure of self-replicating RNA in a protein membrane.

Protobionts grew and split, and their RNA sequences best suited to environmental parameters passed on to offspring.

Only proteins can direct their self-replication.

The bilayer formation of phospholipid membranes occurs with the phosphate-containing head groups on the outside and the hydrocarbon chains on the inside.

Nucleic acids cannot serve as templates for synthesis because of nonspecific base pairings between complementary nucleotides.

The complete breakdown of glucose to CO2 and H2O through oxidative metabolism yields energy equivalent to 2 molecules of ATP.

Phospholipid membranes are impermeable to nutrients and energy from the environment.

The bilayer formation of phospholipid membranes occurs with the phosphate-containing head groups on the outside and the hydrocarbon chains on the inside.

Oxidative metabolism is a less efficient way of generating energy from organic molecules compared to anaerobic glycolysis.

The evolution of oxidative metabolism occurred after the development of photosynthetic reactions.

All forms of life are theorized to have evolved from the original eukaryotic cells.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts both contain their own DNA that encodes some of their components.

The acquisition of aerobic bacteria would have provided cells with the ability to perform photosynthesis.

Most genes in the original bacterial DNA are still unique to the chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA.

Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from photosynthetic bacteria.

The association between cells and aerobic bacteria was advantageous to the cells and allowed them to carry out oxidative metabolism.

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar in size to eukaryotic cells.